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| 6715443292 | problem-solving (4) | trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!" | 0 | |
| 6715443066 | psychology | the study of behavior and mental processes | 1 | |
| 6715443067 | psychology's biggest question | Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture? | 2 | |
| 6715443068 | psychology's three levels of analysis | biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together) | 3 | |
| 6715443069 | biological approach | genetics, close-relatives, body functions | 4 | |
| 6715443070 | evolutionary approach | species - helped with survival (ancestors) | 5 | |
| 6715443071 | psychodynamic approach | (Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes | 6 | |
| 6715443072 | behavioral approach | learning (classical and operant) observed | 7 | |
| 6715443073 | cognitive approach | thinking affects behavior | 8 | |
| 6715443074 | humanistic approach | becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance) | 9 | |
| 6715443075 | social-cultural approach | cultural, family, environment | 10 | |
| 6715443076 | two reasons of why experiments are important | hindsight bias + overconfidence | 11 | |
| 6715443077 | types of research methods | descriptive, correlational, and experimental | 12 | |
| 6715443078 | descriptive methods | case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT) | 13 | |
| 6715443079 | case study | studies one person in depth may not be typical of population | 14 | |
| 6715443080 | survey | studies lots of people not in depth | 15 | |
| 6715443081 | naturalistic observation | observe + write facts without interference | 16 | |
| 6715443082 | correlational method | shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research | 17 | |
| 6715443083 | correlation coefficient | + 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases) | 18 | |
| 6715443084 | experimental method | does show cause and effect | 19 | |
| 6715443085 | population | type of people who are going to be used in experiment | 20 | |
| 6715443086 | sample | actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias) | 21 | |
| 6715443087 | random assignment | chance selection between experimental and control groups | 22 | |
| 6715443088 | control group | not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo | 23 | |
| 6715443089 | experimental group | receiving treatment/drug | 24 | |
| 6715443090 | independent variable | drug/procedure/treatment | 25 | |
| 6715443091 | dependent variable | outcome of using the drug/treatment | 26 | |
| 6715443092 | confounding variable | can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control | 27 | |
| 6715443093 | scientific method | theory hypothesis operational definition revision | 28 | |
| 6715443094 | theory | general idea being tested | 29 | |
| 6715443095 | hypothesis | measurable/specific | 30 | |
| 6715443096 | operational definition | procedures that explain components | 31 | |
| 6715443097 | mode | appears the most | 32 | |
| 6715443098 | mean | average | 33 | |
| 6715443099 | median | middle | 34 | |
| 6715443100 | range | highest - lowest | 35 | |
| 6715443101 | standard deviation | how scores vary around the mean | 36 | |
| 6715443102 | central tendency | single score that represents the whole | 37 | |
| 6715443103 | bell curve | (natural curve) |  | 38 |
| 6715443104 | ethics of testing on animals | need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans | 39 | |
| 6715443105 | ethics of testing on humans | consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality | 40 | |
| 6715443106 | sensory neurons | travel from sensory receptors to brain | 41 | |
| 6715443107 | motor neurons | travel from brain to "motor" workings | 42 | |
| 6715443108 | interneurons | (in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons | 43 | |
| 6715443109 | neuron |  | 44 | |
| 6715443110 | dendrites | receive messages from other neurons | 45 | |
| 6715443111 | myelin sheath | protects the axon | 46 | |
| 6715443112 | axon | where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal | 47 | |
| 6715443113 | neurotransmitters | chemical messengers | 48 | |
| 6715443114 | reuptake | extra neurotransmitters are taken back | 49 | |
| 6715443116 | inhibitory charge | "Let's not do it!" | 50 | |
| 6715443117 | central nervous system | brain and spinal cord | 51 | |
| 6715443118 | peripheral nervous system | somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system | 52 | |
| 6715443119 | somatic nervous system | voluntary movements | 53 | |
| 6715443120 | autonomic nervous system | involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems) | 54 | |
| 6715443121 | sympathetic nervous system | arousing | 55 | |
| 6715443122 | parasympathetic nervous system | calming | 56 | |
| 6715443123 | neural networks | more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used | 57 | |
| 6715443124 | spinal cord | expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved | 58 | |
| 6715443125 | endocrine system | slow uses hormones in the blood system | 59 | |
| 6715443126 | master gland | pituitary gland | 60 | |
| 6715443127 | brainstem | extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival | 61 | |
| 6715443128 | reticular formation (if stimulated) | sleeping subject wakes up | 62 | |
| 6715443129 | reticular formation (if damaged) | coma | 63 | |
| 6715443130 | brainstem (if severed) | still move (without purpose) | 64 | |
| 6715443131 | thalamus | sensory switchboard (does not process smell) | 65 | |
| 6715443132 | hypothalamus | basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry) | 66 | |
| 6715443133 | cerebellum | nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements | 67 | |
| 6715443134 | cerebellum (if damaged) | difficulty walking and coordinating | 68 | |
| 6715443135 | amygdala | aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions | 69 | |
| 6715443136 | amygdala (if lesioned) | subject is mellow | 70 | |
| 6715443137 | amygdala (if stimulated) | aggressive | 71 | |
| 6715443138 | hippocampus | process new memory | 72 | |
| 6715443139 | cerebrum | two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing | 73 | |
| 6715443140 | cerebral cortex | only in higher life forms | 74 | |
| 6715443141 | association areas | integrate and interpret information | 75 | |
| 6715443142 | glial cells | provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons | 76 | |
| 6715443143 | frontal lobe | judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident) | 77 | |
| 6715443144 | parietal lobe | math and spatial reasoning | 78 | |
| 6715443145 | temporal lobe | audition and recognizing faces | 79 | |
| 6715443146 | occipital lobe | vision | 80 | |
| 6715443147 | corpus callosum | split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures) | 81 | |
| 6715443148 | Wernicke's area | interprets auditory and hearing | 82 | |
| 6715443149 | Broca's area | speaking words | 83 | |
| 6715443150 | plasticity | ability to adapt if damaged | 84 | |
| 6715443151 | sensation | what our senses tell us | 85 | |
| 6715443152 | bottom-up processing | senses to brain | 86 | |
| 6715443153 | perception | what our brain tells us to do with that information | 87 | |
| 6715443154 | top-down processing | brain to senses | 88 | |
| 6715443155 | inattentional blindness | fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere | 89 | |
| 6715443156 | cocktail party effect | even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc. | 90 | |
| 6715443157 | change blindness | giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice | 91 | |
| 6715443158 | choice blindness | when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed | 92 | |
| 6715443159 | absolute threshold | minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time | 93 | |
| 6715443160 | signal detection theory | we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying) | 94 | |
| 6715443161 | JND (just noticeable difference) | (Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion | 95 | |
| 6715443162 | sensory adaptation | tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?" | 96 | |
| 6715443163 | rods | night time | 97 | |
| 6715443164 | cones | color | 98 | |
| 6715443165 | parallel processing | notice color, form, depth, movement, etc. | 99 | |
| 6715443166 | Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory | 3 corresponding color receptors (RGB) | 100 | |
| 6715443167 | Hering's opponent-process theory | after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB) | 101 | |
| 6715443168 | trichromatic + opponent-process | Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex | 102 | |
| 6715443169 | frequency we hear most | human voice | 103 | |
| 6715443170 | Helmoltz (hearing) | we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches) | 104 | |
| 6715443171 | frequency theory | impulse frequency (low pitches) | 105 | |
| 6715443172 | Helmholtz + frequency theory | middle pitches | 106 | |
| 6715443173 | Skin feels what? | warmth, cold, pressure, pain | 107 | |
| 6715443174 | gate-control theory | small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses | 108 | |
| 6715443175 | memory of pain | peaks and ends | 109 | |
| 6715443176 | smell | close to memory section (not in thalamus) | 110 | |
| 6715443177 | grouping | Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole | 111 | |
| 6715443178 | grouping groups | proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure | 112 | |
| 6715443179 | make assumptions of placement | higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front | 113 | |
| 6715443180 | perception = | mood + motivation | 114 | |
| 6715443181 | consciousness | awareness of ourselves and the environment | 115 | |
| 6715443182 | circadian rhythm | daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake) | 116 | |
| 6715443183 | circadian rhythm pattern | - activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin | 117 | |
| 6715443184 | What messes with circadian rhythm? | artificial light | 118 | |
| 6715443185 | The whole sleep cycle lasts how long? | 90 minutes | 119 | |
| 6715443186 | sleep stages | relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep) | 120 | |
| 6715443187 | purpose of sleep | 1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more) | 121 | |
| 6715443188 | insomnia | can't sleep | 122 | |
| 6715443189 | narcolepsy | fall asleep anywhere at anytime | 123 | |
| 6715443190 | sleep apnea | stop breathing in sleep | 124 | |
| 6715443191 | night terrors | prevalent in children | 125 | |
| 6715443192 | sleepwalking/sleeptalking | hereditary - prevalent in children | 126 | |
| 6715443193 | dreaming (3) | 1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries | 127 | |
| 6715443194 | purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES) | 1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence | 128 | |
| 6715443195 | What are questions concerning hypnosis? | 1. It cannot take you back in time. 2. It cannot make you do things you won't do. 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. Are you fully conscious? | 129 | |
| 6715443196 | depressants | slows neural pathways | 130 | |
| 6715443197 | alcohol | ((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect | 131 | |
| 6715443198 | barbituates (tranquilizers) | ((depressant)) reduce anxiety | 132 | |
| 6715443199 | opiates | ((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain | 133 | |
| 6715443200 | stimulants | hypes neural processing | 134 | |
| 6715443201 | methamphetamine | ((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine | 135 | |
| 6715443202 | caffeine | ((stimulant)) | 136 | |
| 6715443203 | nicotine | ((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine | 137 | |
| 6715443204 | cocaine | ((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine | 138 | |
| 6715443205 | hallucinogen | excites neural activity | 139 | |
| 6715443206 | ecstasy | ((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin | 140 | |
| 6715443207 | LSD | ((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin | 141 | |
| 6715443208 | marijuana | ((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation | 142 | |
| 6715443209 | learning | organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events) | 143 | |
| 6715443210 | types of learning | classical operant observational | 144 | |
| 6715443211 | famous classical psychologists | Pavlov and Watson | 145 | |
| 6715443212 | famous operant psychologist | Skinner | 146 | |
| 6715443213 | famous observational psychologists | Bandura | 147 | |
| 6715443214 | classical conditioning | outside stimulus | 148 | |
| 6715443215 | Pavlov's experiment | Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation) | 149 | |
| 6715443216 | Watson's experiment | white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry) | 150 | |
| 6715443217 | generalization | any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now | 151 | |
| 6715443218 | discriminate | any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry | 152 | |
| 6715443219 | extinction | stop "treating" with conditioned response | 153 | |
| 6715443220 | spontaneous recovery | bring stimulus back after a while | 154 | |
| 6715443221 | operant conditioning | control by organism | 155 | |
| 6715443222 | Skinner's experiment | operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping) | 156 | |
| 6715443223 | shaping | get animal closer to doing what you want them to do | 157 | |
| 6715443224 | reinforcers | want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging) | 158 | |
| 6715443225 | punishments | want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone) | 159 | |
| 6715443226 | fixed ratio | happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card) | 160 | |
| 6715443227 | variable ratio | happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery) | 161 | |
| 6715443228 | organism must do these (2 times) | fixed ratio and variable ratio | 162 | |
| 6715443229 | fixed interval | happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM) | 163 | |
| 6715443230 | variable interval | happens at any time (receive texts from friends) | 164 | |
| 6715443231 | these things happen regardless (2 times) | fixed interval and variable interval | 165 | |
| 6715443232 | Which (fixed/variable) conditions better? | variable | 166 | |
| 6715443233 | criticisms of Skinner | doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation | 167 | |
| 6715443234 | intrinsic motivation | doing something for yourself, not the reward | 168 | |
| 6715443235 | extrinsic motivation | doing something for reward | 169 | |
| 6715443236 | Skinner's legacy | use it personally, at school, and at work | 170 | |
| 6715443237 | famous observational experiment | Bandura's Bobo doll | 171 | |
| 6715443238 | famous observational psychologist | Bandura | 172 | |
| 6715443239 | mirror neurons | "feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals | 173 | |
| 6715443240 | Bobo doll experiment legacy | violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil | 174 | |
| 6715443241 | observational learning | biological behaviors work best | 175 | |
| 6715443242 | habituation | get used to it -> stop reacting | 176 | |
| 6715443243 | examples for observational learning | lectures and reading | 177 | |
| 6715443244 | serotonin involved with memory | speeds the connection between neurons | 178 | |
| 6715443245 | LTP | ((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed) | 179 | |
| 6715443248 | glucose involved with memory | released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered)) | 180 | |
| 6715443249 | flashbulb memory | type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment | 181 | |
| 6715443250 | amygdala (memory) | boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight | 182 | |
| 6715443251 | cerebellum (memory) | forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning)) | 183 | |
| 6715443252 | hippocampus (memory) | active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours)) | 184 | |
| 6715443253 | memory | learning over time contains information that can be retrieved | 185 | |
| 6715443254 | memory processing stages | encoding -> storage -> retrieval | 186 | |
| 6715443255 | encoding | information going in | 187 | |
| 6715443256 | storage | keeping information in | 188 | |
| 6715443257 | retrieval | taking information out | 189 | |
| 6715443258 | How long is sensory memory stored? | a few seconds | 190 | |
| 6715443259 | How long is short-term memory stored? | less than a minute | 191 | |
| 6715443260 | How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory? | 7 (+/- 2) | 192 | |
| 6715443262 | How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory? | 2 | 193 | |
| 6715443263 | short term memory goes to ______________ | working memory | 194 | |
| 6715443264 | working memory | make a connection and process information to mean something | 195 | |
| 6715443265 | working memory goes to _________________ | long-term memory | 196 | |
| 6715443266 | How much is stored in long-term memory? | LIMITLESS | 197 | |
| 6715443267 | implicit memory | naturally do | 198 | |
| 6715443268 | explicit memory | need to explain | 199 | |
| 6715443269 | automatic processing | space, time, frequency, well-learned information | 200 | |
| 6715443270 | effortful processing | processing that requires effort | 201 | |
| 6715443271 | spacing effect | spread out learning over time | 202 | |
| 6715443272 | serial position effect | primary/recency effect | 203 | |
| 6715443273 | primary effect | remember the first things in a list | 204 | |
| 6715443274 | recency effect | remember the last things in a list | 205 | |
| 6715443275 | effortful processing (4 things) | 1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect | 206 | |
| 6715443276 | semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to | make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you | 207 | |
| 6715443277 | if we can't remember a memory... | 1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story | 208 | |
| 6715443278 | misinformation effect | not correct information | 209 | |
| 6715443279 | imagination inflation | imagine or visualize something that isn't real | 210 | |
| 6715443280 | source amnesia | what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?) | 211 | |
| 6715443281 | priming | association (setting you up) | 212 | |
| 6715443282 | context | environment helps with memory | 213 | |
| 6715443283 | state-dependency | you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high) | 214 | |
| 6715443284 | mood-congruency | emotion will bring back similar emotional memories | 215 | |
| 6715443285 | forgetting curve | forget after 5 days forget after 5 years | 216 | |
| 6715443287 | proactive interference | old information interferes with the new | 217 | |
| 6715443288 | retroactive interference | new information interferes with the old | 218 | |
| 6715443289 | children can't remember before age __ | 3 | 219 |
