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| 790728805 | Politique | A leader who stood the middle ground when it came to differences between the Church of England and other Protestant groups, namely the Calvinists, i.e. Elizabeth I. | |
| 790728806 | Adolphus, Gustavus | (1594 - 1632): King of Sweden. Led his people against the Catholic forces of the Holy Roman Empire during the Thirty Years War. Died in battle. | |
| 790728807 | Bernini, Gialorenzo | (1598 - 1650): Preeminent Baroque architect and sculptor. Created the Colonnade in front of St. Peter's Basilica, the high altar canopy inside St. Peter's Cathedral, The Ecstasy of St. Teresa, and other works. | |
| 790728808 | Boleyn, Anne | born about 1502 - 1536): Commoner and object of Henry VIII's desire. Became Henry's second wife after the divorce from Catherine of Aragon. Bore Elizabeth I. Was beheaded for adultery and treason. | |
| 790728809 | Calvin, John | (1509 - 1564): Founder of the most prolific Protestant Reformation sect - Calvinism. Believed in predestination or that God already knows who is going to Heaven and Hell. | |
| 790728810 | Caravaggio | (1571 - 1610): First of the Baroque painters. Famous for his use of tenebrism or contrasts of light and dark to create emotion. Works were controversial due to their graphic nature. | |
| 790728811 | Catherine of Aragon | (1485 - 1536): Born in Spain, Catherine was the first wife of King Henry VIII of England. Her failure to bear a male heir to the throne was the impetus for the formation of the Church of England. She gave birth to Mary Tudor, aka "Bloody Mary." | |
| 790728812 | Charles V | (reign 1519 - 1556): The quintessential Habsburg in every way—Holy Roman Emperor, defender of the Catholic faith in Spain, Italy and the HRE. Sought to keep his empire Catholic and destroy Protestantism. | |
| 790728813 | de Medici, Catherine | (1519 - 1589): Wife of French King Henry II who died in 1559. Mother to Valois Kings Francis II, Charles IX and Henry III. A devout Catholic, served as regent and closest advisor to all three Kings. Ordered the slaughter of Huguenots on St. Bartholomew's Day in 1572. | |
| 790728814 | Eck, Johann | 1486-1543): Great Catholic theologian who debated Martin Luther in Leipzig in 1520. In the debate, Luther refused to agree that the papacy was perfect and claimed that the execution of Jan Hus in 1415 was wrong. | |
| 790728815 | Edward VI | (1547 - 1553): Nine-year old boy king of England. England became more Protestant during his reign. Died at the age of 16. | |
| 790728816 | Elizabeth I | Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. Reigned England for over 25 years. Acted as a "politique" straddling the religious divide to bring political harmony. | |
| 790728817 | Henry of Guise | (1550-1588): Considered prime suspect number one in the assassination attempt and subsequent death of Admiral Coligny. | |
| 790728818 | Admiral Coligny | Part of the Bourbon family and a Huguenot leader. Becomes an adviser to Henry IX. After his attempted assassination by the Guises, caused Catherine to have the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre. | |
| 790728819 | Henry IV (Henry of Navarre) | (1553 - 1610): First Bourbon king of France. Architect of the Edict of Nantes which ended the French Civil Wars. | |
| 790728820 | Henry VIII | (1509 - 1547): Tudor monarch of England who desired a divorce from Catherine of Aragon because she would not bear him a male heir. Created the Church of England (Anglican Church) and made himself the supreme leader. | |
| 790728821 | Loyola, Ignatius | (1491 - 1556): Founder of the Order of Jesus or the Jesuits. Trained priests as an army of God to rid Europe of heresy. | |
| 790728822 | Luther, Martin | (1483 - 1546): Trained as a Catholic monk and a professor of theology. Wrote his 95 Theses as a criticism of corruption in the Catholic church. Responsible for starting the Protestant Reformation. | |
| 790728823 | Pope Paul III | (1468 - 1549): Reformation Pope. Called the Council of Trent to address issues of corruption and confusion in the Catholic church. | |
| 790728824 | Philip II | (1556 - 1598): Son of Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor) and King of Spain. Sought to follow in his father's footsteps by reinstituting Catholicism in Spain. The Escorial, Philip's palace, was built to model a gridiron, to pay homage to St. Lawrence who was martyred by being burned to death on a grill. | |
| 790728825 | Cardinal Richelieu | (1585 - 1642): Served as First Chief Minister to the French King during Thirty Years War. Was instrumental in making the war one of territorial protection against the Habsburgs rather than a religious fight between Catholics and Protestants. | |
| 790728826 | Rubens, Peter Paul | (1577 - 1640): Flemish painter heavily influenced by the works of Caravaggio. Most works were commissioned by the Habsburgs. While he is mostly known for his full figured gals (Rubenesque means overweight), more than half of his works were of religious subjects. | |
| 790728827 | Seymour, Jane | (1508 - 1537): Third wife of Henry VIII and mother to Edward VI. Died two weeks after giving birth. | |
| 790728828 | Stuart, Mary | (1542 - 1587): Known as Mary Queen of Scots. Cousin of Elizabeth I and believed to be the true heir to the English throne by Catholics. Was executed by Elizabeth in 1587 for treason. | |
| 790728829 | Tetzel, Johann | (1465-1519): Authorized by Pope Leo X to sell indulgences to raise funds for the church. Was the main target of Martin Luther's writings. | |
| 790728830 | Tudor, Mary | (1516 - 1558): Daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon. Staunchly Catholic, Mary sought to rid England of Calvinism Earned the nickname "Bloody Mary" for the Marian Persecutions of heretics and the death of some 300 Protestants. | |
| 790728831 | William I | (1533 - 1584): Also known as William of Orange. The King of the Netherlands who fought to stem the Catholic Reformation from hitting his Protestant country. | |
| 790728832 | Zwingli, Ulrich | (1484 - 1531): Protestant religious figure in Switzerland. Taught from the writings of Erasmus and established a virtual theocracy in Zurich. Viewed the Eucharist as merely symbolic and diverged from Luther on that point. | |
| 790728833 | 95 Theses | Written by Martin Luther and is widely regarded as the primary catalyst for the Protestant Reformation. It is vitally important to understand that these theses were used for the intent of displaying Luther's displeasure with the Church's indulgences | |
| 790728834 | Act in Restraint of Appeals | Declared the English monarch the supreme sovereign in England and forbade judicial appeals to the papacy. | |
| 790728835 | Act of Supremacy | Proclaimed King Henry VIII the supreme leader of the Church of England, which meant that the pope was no longer recognized as having any authority within the country, and all matters of faith, ecclesiastical appointment, and maintenance of ecclesiastical properties were in the hands of the king. | |
| 790728836 | Anabaptists | A member of a radical movement of the 16th-century Reformation that viewed baptism solely as an external witness to a believer's conscious profession of faith, rejected infant baptism, and believed in the separation of church from state, in the shunning of nonbelievers, and in simplicity of life. | |
| 790728837 | Anglican Church | Form of Protestantism set up in England after 1534; established by Henry VIII with himself as head, at least in part to obtain a divorce from his first wife; became increasingly Protestant following Henry's death | |
| 790728838 | Antipope | A rival pope, elected in opposion to another, who is later judged not to be a part of the elected succession of popes. In general, it refers to the popes elected at Avignon in opposition to those at Rome during the Great Schism, and to a series of popes elected at Pisa and Basel | |
| 790728839 | Antitrinitarians | Persecuted radical Protestants who used commonsense, reason, and ethics to deal with religion; denied the existence & holiness of the trinity. They were defenders of religious toleration and opposed Calvinism's emphasis on original sin and predestination. Figures include Michael Servetus, and the founders of socinianism, Lelio, and Faustus Sozzini. | |
| 790728840 | Socinianism | Heterodoxy claiming that Christ's death on the cross did not have any supernatural or transcendent implications; states that god is one and the holy spirit is his spirit. | |
| 790728841 | Council of Constance | In 1417, the Council of Constance ended the schism between the Avignon and Roman papal courts by removing authority from all three popes then claiming to be the true "vicar of Christ" and electing Pope Martin V, a compromise candidate. Martin subsequently returned the papacy to Rome. | |
| 790728842 | Edit of Worms | issued by Charles V, he declares Luther an outlaw, a heretic and that no one should assist him | |
| 790728843 | Emperor Maximilian | Holy Roman Emperor 15th century; son of Frederick III; marries Mary 1477; gives birth to Philip the Fair | |
| 790728844 | Jan Hus | The leader of the Czech religious reforms, and the spiritual founder of the Protestant reformation in the 1500's. He was convicted by the Council of Constance for heresy. | |
| 790728845 | John Wycliffe | (c.1328-1384) Forerunner to the Reformation. Created English Lollardy. Attacked the corruption of the clergy, and questioned the power of the pope. | |
| 790728846 | Schmalkaldic Wars | Civil Wars in the HRE [Luthern princes vs Catholic princes] | |
| 790728847 | Thirty-Nine Articles | Issued by Elizabeth I in 1563, these provided for the foundation of the Anglican Church, maintaining all the outward appearances of Catholicism, but implanting Protestant doctrine into the Church of England. | |
| 790728848 | The Twelve Articles | 1525; Set of demands raised by peasants during peasants' war in southern Germany; rights to elect preacher, equal justice, hunting, more lenient nobility | |
| 790728849 | Wars of Kappel | Two conflicts fought between the Protestants and the Roman Catholic cantons of the Old Swiss Confederacy. 1531 | |
| 790728850 | Western Schism | Period from 1378-1417 when there were rival claimants to the title of Pope in Rome and Avignon. Parties within the Church were divided in their allegiences among who was the rightful pope. There were eventually three men that claimed the title of Pope. | |
| 790728851 | Wittenberg | city in which Luther nailed his ninety five these on the church door |
