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| 101773616 | Copernicus | Polish monk and astronomer (16th cent.); disapproved Hellenistic belief that the earth was the center of the universe | 0 | |
| 101773617 | Galileo | Published Copernicus's findings (17th cent.); added own discoveries concerning laws of gravity and planetary motion; condemned by the Catholic Church for his work. | 1 | |
| 101773618 | John Harvey | English physician (17th cent.) who demonstrated circular movement of blood in animals, function of heart as a pump. | 2 | |
| 101773619 | Absolute Monarchy | Concept of government developed during the rise of nation states in Western Europe during he 17th cent; featured monarchs who passed laws w/o parliaments, appointed professionalized armies and bureaucracies, established state churches, imposed state economic policies. | 3 | |
| 101773620 | Louis XIV | French Monarch of the late 17th cent. Who personified absolute monarchy. | 4 | |
| 101773621 | War of Spanish Succession | Resulted from Bourbon family`s succession to Spanish throne in 1701; ended by Treaty of Utrecht in 1713; resulted in recognition of Bourbons, loss of some lands, grants of commercial rights to English and French. | 5 | |
| 101773622 | Glorious Revolution | English overthrow of James II in 1688; resulted in affirmation of parliament as having basic sovereignty over the king. | 6 | |
| 101773623 | Parliamentary Monarchy | originated in England and Holland, 17th cent., with kings partially checked by significant legislative powers in parliaments. | 7 | |
| 101773624 | Deism | Concept of God current during the Scientific Revolution; role of divinity was to set natural laws in motion, not to regulate once process was begun. | 8 | |
| 101773625 | Enlightenment | Intellectual movement centered in France during the 18th cent.; featured scientific advance, application of scientific methods to study of human society; belief that rational laws could describe social behavior. | 9 | |
| 101773626 | John Locke | English philosopher during 17th cent.; argued that people could learn everything through senses and reason; argued the power of government came from the people, not divine right of kings; offered possibility of revolution to overthrow tyrants. | 10 | |
| 101773627 | Jean-Jacques Rousseau | French philosopher and writer born in Switzerland; believed that the natural goodness of man was warped by society; ideas influenced the French Revolution | 11 | |
| 101773628 | Montesquieu | French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers (1689-1755) French political theorist who analyzed different government constitutions and developed the theory upon which the separation of powers is based. His most famous work was De l'esprit des lois (The Spirit of the Laws), published in 1748. French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers (1689-1755) | 12 | |
| 101773629 | Voltaire | (1694-1778) French philosopher. He believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government. He also spoke out against the corruption of the French government, and the intolerance of the Catholic Church. French writer who was the embodiment of 18th century Enlightenment (1694-1778) | 13 | |
| 101773630 | Mary Wollstonecraft | Enlightenment feminist thinker in England; argued that new political rights should extend to women. | 14 | |
| 101773631 | Adam Smith | Established liberal economics (Wealth of Nations, 1776) argued that government should avoid regulation of economy in favor of operation of market forces. | 15 | |
| 101773632 | Frederick the Great | Prussian king of the 18th century; attempted to introduce Enlightenment reforms into Germany;built on military and bureaucratic foundations of his predecessors; introduced freedom of religion; increased state control of economy. | 16 | |
| 101773633 | Mullahs | 26. local mosque officials and prayer leaders within the Safavid Empire; agents of Safavid religious campaign to convert all the population to Shi'ism 27. | 17 | |
| 101773634 | Din-i-llahi | Religion initiated by Akbar in Mughal India; blended elements of many faiths of the subcontinent; key to efforts to reconcile Hindus and Muslims in India, but failed. | 18 | |
| 101773635 | Sikhs | 26. Sect in northwestern India; early leaders tried to bring differences between Hindu and Muslim, but Mughal persecution led to anti-Muslim feeling. | 19 | |
| 101773636 | Italian Renaissance | Cultural and Political movement in Western Europe; began in Italy c. 1400; rested on urban vitality and expanding commerce; featured a literature and art with distinctly more secular priorities than those of the Middle Ages | 20 | |
| 101773637 | Humanism | Focus on humankind as center of an intellectual and artistic endeavor; method of study that emphasized the superiority of classical forms over medieval styles, in particular the study of ancient languages. | 21 | |
| 101773638 | Niccolo Machiavelli | Author of The Prince(16th cent); emphasized realistic discussions of how to seize and maintain power; one of the most influential authors of Italian Renaissance | 22 | |
| 101773639 | Johannes Gutenburg | Introduced movable type to western Europe in 15th century; credited with greatly expanding availability of printed books and pamphlets | 23 | |
| 101773640 | Northern Renaissance | Cultural and intellectual movement of northern Europe; began later than Italian Renaissance c. 1450; centered in France, Low Countries, England, and Germany; featured greater emphasis on religion than Italian Renaissance | 24 | |
| 101773641 | Protestant Reformation | This religious moment against the Catholic Church came about as a result of a German monk, Martin Luther, who nailed his 95 Theses to a church door in 1517. The theses protested the Catholic Church (claims made by a papal representative) and its abuses and promoted the idea that faith was enough to gain salvation. | 25 | |
| 101773642 | Martin Luther | German monk; initiated Protestant Reformation in 1517 by nailing 95 theses to door of Wittenberg church; emphasized primacy of faith over works stressed in Catholic church; accepted state control of church | 26 | |
| 101773643 | John Calvin | French Protestant (16th cent.) who stressed doctrine of predestination; established center of his group at Swiss canton of Geneva; encouraged ideas of wider access to government, wider public education; Calvinism spread from Switzerland to northern Europe and North America | 27 | |
| 101773644 | Anglican Church | Form of Protestantism set up in England after 1534; established by Henry VIII with himself as head, at least in part to obtain a divorce from his first wife; became increasingly Protestant following Henry's death | 28 | |
| 101773645 | Thirty Years War | War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and the emperor and his ally, Spain; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia | 29 | |
| 101773646 | Treaty of Westphalia | Ended Thirty Years' War in 1648; granted right to individual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion-either Protestant or Catholic | 30 | |
| 101773647 | Edict of Nantes | Grant of tolerance to Protestants in France in 1598; granted only after lengthy civil war between Catholic and Protestant factions | 31 | |
| 101773648 | Catholic Counter Reformation | Restatement of traditional Catholic beliefs in response to Protestant Reformation (16th cent.); established councils that revived Catholic doctrine and refuted Protestant beliefs. | 32 | |
| 101773649 | Council of Trent | Catholic Church Council held in Trento, Italy 1545-1563 in response to the threat of the Protestant Reformation and deal with issues brought on by the Reformation | 33 | |
| 101773650 | Witchcraft Persecutions | reflected resentment against the poor, uncertainties about religious truth; resulted in death of over 100,000 Europeans b/w 1590 and 1650; particularly common in Protestant areas | 34 | |
| 101773651 | Society of Jesus/Jesuits | a Roman Catholic order founded by Saint Ignatius of Loyola in 1534 to defend Catholicism against the Reformation and to do missionary work among the heathen | 35 | |
| 101773652 | Xavier Francis | Spanish Jesuit missionary; worked in India in 1540s among the outcaste and lower caste groups; made little headway among elites. | 36 | |
| 101773653 | Matteo Ricci | along with Adam Schall, Jesuit scholar in court of Ming emperors; skilled scientist; won few converts to christianity | 37 | |
| 101773654 | Robert di Nobili | Italian Jesuit missionary; worked in India during the early 1600s; introduced strategy to convert elites at first; strategy later widely adapted by Jesuits in various parts of Asia; mission eventually failed. | 38 | |
| 101773655 | Cao Xueqin's Dream of the Red Chamber | one of China`s 4 great classical novels; a tragic written during the Ching dynasty that exposed the problems with the feudal system | 39 | |
| 101773656 | School of National Learning | New Ideology that laid emphasis on Japan's unique historical experience and the revival of indigenous culture at the expense of Chinese imporst such as Confuciansim; typical of Japan in the 18th century. | 40 | |
| 101773657 | Dutch Studies | Group of Japanese scholars interested in implications of Western science and technology beginning in the 18th century; urged freer exchange with West; based studies on few Dutch texts available in Japan. | 41 | |
| 101773658 | Scientific Revolution | Culminated in the 17th century; period of empirical advances associated with the development of wider theoretical generalizations; resulted in change in traditional beliefs of Middle Ages | 42 | |
| 101773659 | Descartes | Established importance of skeptical review of all received wisdom (17th cent); argued that human reason could then develop laws that would explain fundamental workings of nature(logic and reason explain everything)said Cogito ergo sum, I think therefore I am. | 43 | |
| 101773660 | Newton | English scientist during the 17th century; author of Principia; drew the various astronomical and physical observations and wider theories together in a neat framework of natural laws; established principles of motion; defined forces of gravity | 44 |
