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| 1535148626 | face to face surveys | The interviewer and respondent are in the sample place at the same time directly communicating together | 0 | |
| 1535148627 | face to face advantages | 1.High response rates because most people are willing to cooperate once there is contact between the researcher and the respondent 2.establish rapport between the researcher and respondent 3.Able to clarify any misunderstanding or confusion as well as to probe (or request an explanation) further 4. Use of visual aids and able to deal with reading-related problems 5.potential coverage is high because practically everyone can be reached | 1 | |
| 1535148628 | face to face disadantages | 1.extremely time consuming and costly 2.interviewer effect or bias 3.interviewer error 4.The respondents felt anonymity is low, unless respondents record their own responses -Less response to sensitive/embarrassing questions | 2 | |
| 1535148629 | telephone surveys | Oral communication between researcher and respondent via telephone | 3 | |
| 1535148630 | telephone surveys advantages | 1.less expensive -eliminates the need for a field staff to go house to house 2.quick 3.respondents have higher sense of felt anonymity as compared to face to face 4.medium to high potential coverage area 5.ability to clarify, probe, and overcome reading related problems since questions are read to respondent | 4 | |
| 1535148631 | telephone surveys disadvantages | 1.possible high refusal rate (nonresponse issue) 2.cell phone related issues 3.cannot use visual aids | 5 | |
| 1535148632 | how to eliminate disadvantages | Create a good "Introductory Spiel" 1. Caller identifies herself 2. Caller indentifies organizational affiliation 3. Sponsor of survey - if it won't bias responses 4. Purpose of survey, vaguely described 5. Statement encouraging respondents cooperation 6. Statement assuring anonymity/confidentiality | 6 | |
| 1535148633 | TACSI | telephone audio computer-assisted self-interviewing -talking to a human being is a problem for sensitive questions -TACSI deals with the issue of sensitive/embarrassing questions (respondent uses touchpad on the phone to respond) | 7 | |
| 1546693389 | counting crime | asking people about victimization counters problems of data collected by police | 8 | |
| 1546693390 | self-reports | dominant method for studying the etiology of crime -frequency/type of crimes committed -prevalence (how many ppl commit crimes) committed by a broader population | 9 | |
| 1546693391 | perceptions and attitudes | to learn how ppl feel abt crime and CJ policy | 10 | |
| 1546693392 | targeted victim surveys | used to evaluate policy innovations and program success in specific cities or neighbors | 11 | |
| 1546693393 | survey research | the most frequently used data gathering method in criminological research | 12 | |
| 1546693394 | 2 reasons that make survey research in criminology challenging | -"sensitive" questions -"rare element" problem | 13 | |
| 1546693395 | "sensitive" questions | Ex: asking individuals to confess to crime, victimization experiences (rapes, sexual assaults) | 14 | |
| 1546693396 | "rare element" problem | Kinds of people who are unusual or rare is a sampling problem because you need to have sampling procedures that get at the rare elements | 15 | |
| 1546693398 | types of questions to avoid | -bias or leading questions -double-barreled questions -vague questions -questions requiring knowledge the respondent is not likely to have -questions presented in an objectionable manner | 16 | |
| 1546693399 | open-ended (unstructured questions) advantages | -greater detail in answer -Better when the researcher doesn't know appropriate response categories 3. Don't bias Rs into erroneously selecting researcher's choice -Because you haven't provided any hint of the researcher thinks | 17 | |
| 1546693400 | open-ended (unstructured questions) disadvantage | hard to code, and irrelevant answers | 18 | |
| 1546693401 | close-ended (structured questions) advantages | Easy to code, and easier for respondents 2. Provide all Rs with more complete set of appropriate responses -Some of which the respondent may not have thought of 3. Helps clarify intended meaning of question | 19 | |
| 1546693402 | close-ended (structured questions) disadvantage | lack of detail | 20 | |
| 1546693403 | 2 parts to every question | -stem -response | 21 | |
| 1546693404 | stem | where we ask the question | 22 | |
| 1546693405 | response | either fixed (close-ended) or open-ended | 23 | |
| 1546693406 | 3 close-ended response rules | 1. Must be mutually exclusive and exhaustive 2. Best to include a response such as "don't know" "no opinion" "not sure" or something similar 3. Explicitly mention all possible positions on opinion or attitude questions | 24 | |
| 1546693407 | question order | begin with interesting question, avoid boring demographic question | 25 | |
| 1546693408 | sequence of items in questionaire | 1.introduction (spiel) 2.interesting opinion item on current topic 3.nonthreatening questions 4.threatening questions (sensitive) 5.background questions | 26 | |
| 1546693409 | introduction (spiel) | Purpose of survey, sponsor, voluntary, confidential, etc. | 27 | |
| 1546693410 | mail survey | generally less expensive and best for getting the largest samples -sampling frame- approx, 95% of population -average response around 48.4% -great for all kinds of purposes and topics, including sensitive | 28 | |
| 1546693411 | advantages of mail surveys | 1. They afford wide geographical and perhaps more representative samples at a reasonable cost, time, and effort 2. Surveys require no field staff 3.??? 4.More time to think out answers (very useful if one needs to look up information, like previous year's income) | 29 | |
| 1546693412 | disadvantages of mail surveys | 1. Low response rates (nonresponse) -20% response in first-wave surveys 2. Harder to establish rapport 3. Slow 4. Respondents can misinterpret questions 5. Higher costs due to multiple follow-ups | 30 | |
| 1546693413 | 2 types of nonresponse | 1. Those who have yet to respond 2. Those who refuse to cooperate ---In the latter case, you do not want to pressure them to participate—instead create a "replacement pool" | 31 | |
| 1546693414 | Techniques to increase response rate | 1. Respondent friendly questionnaire ---Easy to answer, interesting, visually appealing 2. Follow-ups ---Reminder postcards, replacement questionnaires 3. Rewards or incentives to participate 4. Sponsorship and endorsements: used to enhance legitimacy of the survey 5. Personalization: includes handwritten notes, use real names, signature in real ink, etc. 6. Good timing: send the survey during time periods where other surveys are not being sent (or during holiday seasons). ---Consistent to have 50-60% + response rates if you follow these procedures!!! | 32 | |
| 1546693415 | self-report surveys | one of the most important innovations in crime research in the 20th century -Purpose is to ask respondents to admit to various behaviors (e.g., crime) Original intent was to overcome limitations of UCR | 33 | |
| 1546693416 | self-report survey advantages | 1. Greater response of sensitive questions Can ensure confidentiality and/or anonymity 2. Validity: researchers can check validity in a number of ways: ---Use of other data: compare self-reports to arrests or school disciplinary data, for instance ---Use of other observers: e.g., teachers, parents, friends ---Known group validation: compare group outcomes to alternative sources (e.g., UCR) | 34 | |
| 1546693417 | self-report survey disadvantages | 1. Reported behavior might not equal actual behavior (e.g., lying, forgetfulness) 2. Poor or inconsistent instruments 3. Usually does not ask about serious criminal behavior (rare element problem) 4. Poor samples (minorities are often underrepresented) | 35 | |
| 1546693418 | internet surveys | A new means of collecting survey data ---Email surveys ---Web-based surveys | 36 | |
| 1546693419 | internet survey advantages | -High access (at least to specialized populations) -Fast and cheap -Easy publication of results | 37 | |
| 1546693420 | internet survey disadvantages | -Poor coverage of population (70-75%) ---Access limited to those with web access or email accounts -Response rates tend to be low (email is easy to delete), and could be mistaken as junk mail -Lack of anonymity ---Don't want it to be anonymous because you want to differentiate it from spam -Serious bias in samples (lack of women, elderly, minorities) | 38 | |
| 1546693421 | pretesting | Is an evaluation of the survey instrument (questionaire) and other survey procedures ---Typically focused on fixing questions included in the questionnaire, but also discovering other potential problems | 39 | |
| 1546693422 | stages in pretesting | 1. Read (out loud) questionnaire-may discover problems (revise questionnaire) 2. Do a practice interview with a friend/colleague- get the viewpoint from somebody else (revise questionnaire) 3. Ask professional colleagues for a critique- professional outside viewpoint (revise questionnaire) 4.pilot survey -Administering to a small sample, procedures similar to real survey -Interviewers and/or respondents are debriefed as to problems they perceive ---For example, respondents may not understand the question clearly | 40 |
