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| 13400097281 | Functions of the respiratory system | 1. gas exchange 2. acid-base balance 3. speech and vocalization 4. sense of smell 5. breathing helps circulate blood and lymph | 0 | |
| 13405272183 | meaning | 1. ventilation of lungs 2. exchange of gasses between air, blood, and tissues 3. cellular respiration (generation of ATP)` | 1 | |
| 13405469064 | lung pressure | happens due to pressure gradient
- pressure in atmosphere (760 mm Hg)
- intrapulm pressure 760
- intrapleural press 756
>>intrapleural| 2 | | |
| 13414492288 | Inspiration | -lungs inflate due to diaphragm contraction - pleural cavities and lungs increase in volume = decrease in P - air flows from H->L pressure (into lungs) | 3 | |
| 13414674978 | expiration | -passive - caused by elastic recoil - relax all that stretched to inhale - forced = abdominal contraction | 4 | |
| 13414712131 | tidal ventilation | - vital capacity - tidal volume - inspiratory reserve V - Expiratory reserve V |  | 5 |
| 13414750031 | anatomical dead space | airways in which gas exchange cannot occur > increase by dilating bronchioles (sympathetic) > decrease by constricting (para) | 6 | |
| 13414784512 | atmospheric Vs Alveolar pressure vs blood N2 | Atmosphere: 597 / 78.6% Alv: 569 | 7 | |
| 13414821275 | atmospheric Vs Alveolar pressure vs blood O2 | atmosphere: 159 (20.8%)
alv: 104
Blood: 40
leaving lungs: 95
entering < leaving| 8 | | |
| 13414854795 | atmospheric Vs Alveolar pressure vs blood CO2` | atmosphere: 0.3 (0.04%) alv: 40 blood entering lungs: 46 leaving: 40 (entering>leaving=alveolar)>atmo | 9 | |
| 13414956083 | factors that affect diffusion rates | 1. pressure gradients 2. solubility 3. membrane thickness 4. membrane area (increase surface area = inc diff) 5. ventilation-perfusion coupling (resp rate = blood flow to lungs) >>increase resp rate= increase pO2 of BVs, pulm vessels dilate, increases bf (opposite of skeletal muscles) | 10 | |
| 13415094925 | how does blood carry O2 | 1.5% in plasma 98.5% binds to Hemoglobin (Hb) *up to 4 per molecule* -binds iron atom of heme group to produce oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) | 11 | |
| 13415118571 | oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve | cooperative binding of oxygen to hemoglobin (easier and easier to add O2 until 4th) A. @ peak, hemoglobins in alveoli are 100% saturated w O2 B. pO2 40= 3O2 on Hb |  | 12 |
| 13415267857 | factors that shift the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve | 1. low pO2= shift left 2. increase in temp = shift right 3. bohr effect (drop in pH) = shift right >>CO2 leads ro release of H which compete w O2 for binding of Hb 4. bisphosphoglycerate (BPG) - anaerobic metabolism in RBC product - increased levels shifts right - increase happens at high altitudes | 13 | |
| 13415189790 | how does blood carry CO2 | - 70% reacts with water to produce *carbonic acid* , dissociates into carbonate (HCO3) > rxn is catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase = shift to right - 23% binds to plasma proteins - 7% carried as dissolved gas >>doesn't compete with oxygen because doesn't BIND to Hb |  | 14 |
| 13415383857 | physiological vs evolut adaptations to high altitudes | Phys: BPG Evol : 1. increase | 15 | |
| 13415422633 | carbonic anhydrase and O2 and CO2 transport (CO2 loading) | - promotes rxn of Co2 and water to produce H+ - H binds to HbO2 to shift equilibrium right - H competes w O2 and pushes off Hb = *deoxyhemoglobin* | 16 | |
| 13415462032 | Haladane effect | the dissociation of O2 from Hb allows more CO2 to combine with Hb -O2 diffuses out of RBC - less O2 = more protons (H+) - shifts rxn right | 17 | |
| 13415476894 | oxygen unloading | - H+ attaches to HbO2 and reduces affinity for O2 -shifts curve right - O2 diff out of cap | 18 | |
| 13415513822 | O2 delivery and metabolic needs | - Low pH = acidosis, hyperventilation to increase O2 - high pH = alkalosis, inhibit respiration to decrease O2 saturation (para) | 19 | |
| 13415547275 | Tibetan Adaptation to Low Oxygen | - hemoglobin = sea level - O2 SAT= Decreased | 20 | |
| 13483948309 | andean adaptation to high altitudes | -Hb= elevated - O2 sat = decreased (higher than tibetan) | 21 | |
| 13483948310 | ethiopian adaptation to high altitudes | - Hb = same as sea - O2 sat = same as sea | 22 | |
| 13483948311 | Ethiopian results | - increased conductance of O2 from lungs to blood - increased Hb affinity for O2 (mutant hb) - breathe more to get rid of more CO2 and gain O2 -increase diff of O2 from alv to blood | 23 |
