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| 168226414 | Mesopotamia | Circa 5000 BCE. Located between Tigris & Euphrates Rivers. First cities - Ur & Babylon. Cuneiform. Polytheistic. Ziggurats. City-state type of government. Hammurabi's Code | 0 | |
| 168226415 | Nile River Civilization | Circa 5500 BCE. King Menes unites Upper & Lower Egypt. Pharaoh - theocracy. Women given high status (right to divorce, alimony, property, business). Hatshepsut. Polytheistic. Book of the Dead. Re - sun god. Hieroglyphics, papyrus, bronze tools, 365 day calendar, pyramids & tombs | 1 | |
| 168226416 | Assyrian Empire | Circa 6000 BCE. Horse drawn chariots. Used iron tools to conquer Mesopotamia | 2 | |
| 168226417 | Hebrews | Circa 1800 BCE. Developed world's first monotheistic faith. Yahweh. Moses leads Hebrews out of Egypt to Palestine (1300 BCE). Ten Commandments | 3 | |
| 168226418 | Phoenicians | Circa 2300 BCE - 65 BCE. Seafaring traders. Dominated trade in the Mediterranean basin. Phoenician Alphabet - 22 characters. Latin Alphabet | 4 | |
| 168226419 | Indus River Civilization | Circa 2500 BCE. Harappa & Mohenjo-Daro. Grid planned cities. Extensive long-distance trade: Sumer,Egypt. Language remains untranslated. Speculation as to its decline | 5 | |
| 168226420 | Aryans | Circa 1500 BCE migrate to Indus Valley. Domesticated horses. Texts were passed down as oral histories. Vedas - 4 total. Written in Sanskrit. Rig Veda - 1,028 hymns. Hinduism begins developing. Caste system. 4 varnas (social classes). Brahmins - priests. Kshatriyas - warriors & aristocrats. Vaishyas - artisans & merchants. Shudras - peasants & serfs. Untouchables - butchers & grave diggers (added later), Jati - subcastes. Rules for interaction and intermarriage limit social mobility | 6 | |
| 168226421 | Xia Dynasty | 2070 BCE - 1600 BCE. Bronze Age of China. Attempted to control the floods of the Huang He (Yellow) River | 7 | |
| 168226422 | Shang Dynasty | 1600 BCE - 1046 BCE. Use of Oracle Bones | 8 | |
| 168226423 | Zhou Dynasty | 1046 BCE - 256 BCE. Overthrow the Shang. Mandate of Heaven. Cast Iron. Warring States Period (475 BC - 221 BC). Rise of Legalism, Confucianism and Daoism | 9 | |
| 168226424 | Olmec Civilization | Circa 1600/1500 BCE - 400 BCE.First Mesoamerican civilization. "Rubber people". Located in South Central Mexico. Developed irrigation/drainage systems. Authoritarian government. Famous for their sculptures. Gigantic human heads | 10 | |
| 168226425 | Teotihuacan | Established circa 200 BCE. Possibly by the Toltecs. Approximately 200,000 people inhabited the city at its height around 400-600 CE. Built colossal pyramids of the Sun and Moon. Possibly a theocratic government. | 11 | |
| 168226426 | Mayan Civilization | Circa 300 CE - 900 CE.First Mesoamerican civilization. "Rubber people". Located in Central America. Chichen Itza. Developed terrace farming:Cotton, maize, cacao. Developed system of writing, calendar (365.242 days), concept of zero. Begin disappearing around 800 CE | 12 | |
| 168226427 | Chavin Civilization | Circa 850 BCE - 250 BCE. First Andean civilization. May have been first to develop metallurgy in Americas:Jewelry & tools. Located in South America (Peru) | 13 | |
| 168226428 | Achaemenid (Persian) Empire | 550 - 330 BCE. Founded by Cyrus the Great. Darius expanded the empire from the Indus River to the Aegean Sea:Great Administrator, 23 Satrapies, King's Eyes and Ears. Royal Road. Zoroastrianism: Ahura Mazda | 14 | |
| 168226429 | Qin Dynasty | 221 BCE - 206 BCE. Unified China's various states (legalism). Shi Huangdi "First Emperor". Centralized bureaucracy. Standardized weights & measures. Construction of "Great Wall" begins. Terra Cotta army | 15 | |
| 168226430 | Han Dynasty | 206 BCE - 9 CE. Bureaucracy established (Confucianism/legalism). School established by Wudi. Seed drill developed. Silk Road opens (190 BCE). Wheelbarrow. Short lived Xin dynasty divides the Han dynasty Former Han and Later Han | 16 | |
| 168226431 | Han Dynasty | 25 CE - 220 CE. Yellow Turban uprising. Ignored problems of land distribution which led to increased banditry and rebellions. Empire divided between several kingdoms | 17 | |
| 168226432 | Mauryan Dynasty | 322 BCE - 185 BCE. Established by Chandragupta Maurya. Ashoka unifies all of India. Builds irrigation systems. Constructs roads. Supports Buddhism. Encouraged religious tolerance. Death would lead to decline of empire. Jainism develops | 18 | |
| 168226433 | Gupta Dynasty | 320 CE - 600s CE. Established by Chandra Gupta. Gained power through alliances with families. Conquering some areas. Tribute system used in other areas. Decline due to the invasion of the White Huns | 19 | |
| 168226434 | Mycenaean Civilization (Greeks) | 1600 BCE - 1100 BCE. Language was a combination of Greek & Minoan. Fought the Trojan War. Homer - Iliad | 20 | |
| 168226435 | Greek Polis | Sparta andAthens | 21 | |
| 168226436 | Sparta | Military state. Helots - enslaved people used for labor in Sparta. Daily life was based around military. Men join @ age 7 begin serving @ 20. Women were expected to be in peak physical condition | 22 | |
| 168226437 | Athens | Democratic state. World's first democracy (women & slaves not allowed to participate). Debt caused a huge gap between rich & poor. Solon - outlawed debt slavery. Pericles. Golden Age of Athens. Socrates. Socratic Method. Plato was his student - impacted formation of the Republic in Rome. Aristotle:Rejected Plato's teachings, believed people could use their senses to answer questions of the world | 23 | |
| 168226438 | Macedonian Empire | Circa 800s BCE - 146 BCE. Provided raw materials to the Greeks. Started by Philip II and continued by Alexander. 331 BCE Alexander established an empire stretching from Ionia to Mesopotamia. Empire is divided when Alexander died | 24 | |
| 168226439 | Hellenistic Era | 323 BCE - 146 BCE. Culture is spread from Greece to India. Alexandria became the capital of the empire with the world's largest library. Epicureanism. Individual needs could be met through reflection, pleasure is greatest good to escape pressures of daily life. Stoicism. People should help one another and deal with stress through finding their inner peace | 25 | |
| 168226440 | Roman Republic | 509 BCE - 27 BCE. Republic replaces monarchy. Roman Forum. Two consuls - civil & military power, limited to 1 year terms. Senate - made decisions. Class Struggles. Plebeians & Patricians. Tribunes - veto unjust laws against Plebeians. Dictator. Absolute power for 6 months to restore peace & stability | 26 | |
| 168226441 | Transition to Empire | 87 BCE - 45 CE. Conflict between Gaius Marius & Lucius Cornelius Sulla leads to the creation of the Roman Empire. Tensions between rich & poor increase during this time period due to conflicts over land distribution | 27 | |
| 168226442 | Roman Empire | 27 BCE - 476 CE. Julius Caesar. Sought to restore Rome after civil wars by employing Roman citizens & extending citizenship to territories. Assassinated in 44 BCE. 13 years of civil war ensued | 28 | |
| 168226443 | Roman Empire | 27 BCE - 476 CE. Octavian. Defeated Mark Antony for control of the Roman Empire. Later called Augustus. Pax Romana. Roman Roads - link Rome with Asia (Silk Road). Christianity. Jesus | 29 | |
| 168226444 | Fall of Empire | Diocletian divides the empire. West - Italy, Gaul, Spain, Britain, N. Africa. East - Anatolia, Syria, Egypt, Greece. Germanic invasions - pressured by the Huns. Invasion of the Huns collapses the Western Empire | 30 | |
| 168226445 | Byzantine Empire | 330 CE - 1453 C. Established by Constantine when he moved the capital to Constantinople. Became the Byzantine Empire when the Western Roman Empire fell in 476. Emperors claimed divine rights (above the law). Trade was extremely important to the economy. Emperor Justinian:Theodora, Hagia Sophia, Justinian Code. Turks conquer in 1453 renaming Constantinople to Istanbul | 31 | |
| 168226446 | Genghis Khan | 1206 CE- 1227 CE. United Mongol Empire. Tolerant empire to people and religion. Divide empire between sons leaving Ogedei as khagan. Highly mobile fighters use of Calvary and siege tactics. Pax Mongolica began in 1210. Mongol Peace: Everything open to trade, balance and order. | 32 | |
| 168226447 | Ogedei Khan | 1229CE-1241CE. Genghis Khan's successor. Completion of Karakorum | 33 | |
| 168226448 | Golden Horde | Conquest of Kiev | 34 | |
| 168226449 | Ilkhanate | conquest large portions of Middle East | 35 | |
| 168226450 | Chagatai Khanate | little more than a continuation of central Mongol government | 36 | |
| 168226451 | Yuan Dynasty | a division and a dynasty of China | 37 | |
| 168226452 | Batu Khan | conquered Russia from 1237CE-1241CE. Attempt to conquer central Europe, but Ogedei's death prevents this | 38 | |
| 168226453 | Hulegu Khan | conquer Abbasid Empire. Attempted to conquer Syria but failed due to MAmluks. Lead Ilkhanate | 39 | |
| 168226454 | Kubilai Khan | 1260CE-1294CE. Consolidated rule in China. Established Yuan Dynasty. Ruled during "Pax Mongolica" | 40 | |
| 168226455 | Pax Mongolica | 13th and 14th centuries. Silk road reopen. Safe to travel/trade. Marco Polo. Incorporate people they conquered into tribe. Tolerant. Maritime Silk Road Opens. Yassa established to keep order in empire. Mongol law code. Postal System introduced. | 41 |
