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| 516335213 | Ivan III | created the name of the tsar. Incorporated Byzantine ideas into his rule., The prince that made Moscow the new capital of Russia, and he overthrew the Mongols that were dominating Russia. | |
| 516335214 | Ivan IV | set up secret police, the most powerful of the early tsar. saw treason everywhere and arrested, exiled, or excecuted many advisors, reduced boyars power, increased Russia's trade with western Europe and worked to expand borders, conquered Mongul lands to the east and south of Moscow | |
| 516335215 | Time of Troubles | followed death of Ivan IV without heir early in 17th century; boyars attempted to use vacuum of power to reestablish their authority; ended with selection of Michael Romanov as tsar in 1613. | |
| 516335216 | Romanov Dynasty | dynasty that favored the nobles, reduced military obligations, expanded the Russian empire further east, and fought several unsuccessful wars, yet they lasted from 1613 to 1917. | |
| 516335217 | Michael I | He was elected by a zemsky sobor at the age of 16 and his rule signifies the end of the Time of Troubles. Russian Tsar who is generally seen as a nonentity but whose rule marked the return of stability to Russia. | |
| 516335218 | Ivan V | Feodor II's second son; co-ruled with Peter I (the Great) from 1682 until his death in 1696; was a "pushover" | |
| 516335219 | Peter I | son of Alexis Romanov; ruled from 1689 to 1725; continued growth of absolutism and conquest; included more definite interest in changing selected aspects of economy and culture through imitation of western European models. | |
| 516335220 | Elizabeth of Russia | After Peter's death in 1725, no successor came to the throne, since he had not named one, and subsequently the country was once again plunged into chaos and civil war between a Russian faction and a German faction. This was only put to an end by this woman, Peter's daughter, taking the throne in 1741 and ending the civil war | |
| 516335221 | Peter III | Withdrew from the Seven Year's War because he liked Frederick II of Prussia. This essentially stopped the war. | |
| 516335222 | Catherine | Empress of Russia who greatly increased the territory of the empire (1729-1796) | |
| 516335223 | Paul I | (1796-1801) Son of Catherine and Peter III. Tries to reinstate mandatory military, hostile to the French, attacks British India, is overthrown on March 11 1801. Alexander I is placed on the throne | |
| 516335224 | Alexander I | the czar of Russia whose plans to liberalize the government of Russia were unrealized because of the wars with Napoleon (1777-1825) | |
| 516335225 | Nicholas I | Czar of Russia during Crimean war; wanted Crimea for a warm water port for Russia; kept serfdom and his defeat in Crimean war brought change to Russia, (1825-1855) Russian Tsar that succeeced Alexander; he strengthened the secret police and the bureaucracy. He was also wiling to use Russian troops to crush revolutions, as he greatly feared them. | |
| 516335226 | Alexander II | the son of Nicholas I who, as czar of Russia, introduced reforms that included limited emancipation of the serfs (1818-1881) | |
| 516335227 | Alexander III | (1881) son of Alexander II, increased use of secret police, censorship, exiles to Siberia, Russianunification to suppress non-Russians, pogroms | |
| 516335228 | Nicholas II | Last tsar of Russia, he went to the frontlines in WWI to try to rally the troops, but was forced to abdicate after his wife made horrible decisions under the influence of Rasputin. | |
| 516335229 | Vikings | one of a seafaring Scandinavian people who raided the coasts of northern and western Europe from the eighth through the tenth century. | |
| 516335230 | Dnieper River | a river that rises in Russia near Smolensk and flowing south through Belarus and Ukraine to empty into the Black Sea | |
| 516335231 | Kiev | trade city in southern Russia established by Scandinavian traders in 9th century; became focal point for kingdom of Russia that flourished to 12th century, capital and largest city of the Ukraine | |
| 517472868 | Ural Mountains | a mountain range in western Russia extending from the arctic to the Caspian Sea; forms part of the traditional boundary between Europe and Asia | |
| 517472869 | Siberia | sparsely populated and bitterly cold section of northeastern Russia; holds lots of natural resources; historically a place of exile | |
| 517472870 | Vladivostok | Russia's largest port city on the pacific ocean, on the head of the Golden Horn Bay, close to the border with China and North Korea. | |
| 517472871 | Moscow | capital city of Russia, raised to prominence by Ivan I of Muscovy that became the home of the head of the Russian Church | |
| 517472872 | Byzantine Empire | Eastern European empire that came from the splitting of the Roman Empire; fell in the mid 1400s; capital was Constantinople | |
| 517472873 | Prince Vladimir | (958-1015) Ruler of Kiev who converts to Eastern Orthodox Christianity rather than Roman Catholic; influenced Russians to convert to Christianity. | |
| 517472874 | "drinking is the joy of every Russian" | alcohol has been an important part of Russian culture since Vladimir I built taverns to acquire more money for the government. V-O-D-K-A, vodka, vodka, yay yay yay! | |
| 517472875 | diaspora | the dispersing of Jews from Israel to other parts of the world because of discrimination and persecution | |
| 517472876 | patriarch | head of the Eastern Orthodox Church, similar to the Pope in Roman Catholicism | |
| 517472877 | Russian Orthodox | largest division of the Eastern Orthodox Church; headed by the Russian Patriarchate; official church of Russia; founded by the Apostle Andrew | |
| 517472878 | Cyrillic alphabet | originally deriving from the Greek alphabet, it is the basis of many Slavic languages; alphabet of the Russian Orthodox Church | |
| 517472879 | Mongols | nomads from northern central Asia who conquered the largest land empire in history; reigned in Russia and kept them isolated, causing them to fall behind on modern culture and not advance technologically or artistically | |
| 517472880 | Genghis Kahn | first leader of the Mongols; used military tactics and impressive horseback skills to conquer the largest land empire of all time | |
| 517472881 | Batu Kahn | grandson of Genghis Khan, founded the Golden Horde; overtook Russia in 1237 and was their leader during Russian Mongol rule | |
| 517472882 | Khanate of the Golden Horde | the Mongol empire, that, after the fall of Kiev, ruled all of southern Russia for 200 years (Russia was one of the divisions of Genghis Khan's original empire after his death) | |
| 517472883 | Tartars | group of Muslim, Turkic people who settled on the Volga river in Russia | |
| 517472884 | Cossacks | group of predominantly East Slavic people who originally were members of democratic, semi-military communities in Ukraine and Southern Russia; Peasant adventurers with agricultural and military skills recruited to conquer and settle in newly seized lands in southern Russia and Siberia. | |
| 517472885 | Renaissance | The great period of rebirth in art, literature, and learning in the 14th-16th centuries, which marked the transition into the modern periods of European history. If you don't know this by now you should probably drop Euro. | |
| 517472886 | Ivan III-the Great | tripled Russian territory, ended dominance of the Golden Horde; improved military and economy; one of the Longest reigning Russian rulers; anti-Catholic, separated Russia from Western Europe | |
| 517536473 | Third Rome | Russia, with Moscow as its capital, claimed to be the successor of the Roman and Byzantine empires. | |
| 517536474 | Boyars | Russian nobles | |
| 517536475 | Autocrat | a ruler who has absolute or unlimited power; established by Ivan III | |
| 517559919 | Grand Duke of Moscow | the Russian noble that, in 1380, defeated Tartar forces at Kulikov Meadow, which marked the decline of Mongol rule in Russia | |
| 517559920 | Ivan IV- The Terrible | set up secret police, the most powerful of the early czars. Learned, religious, and cruel. Saw treason everywhere and arrested, exiled, or excecuted many advisors, reduced boyars power, increased Russia's trade with western Europe and worked to expand borders, conquered Mongol lands to the east and south of Moscow | |
| 517536476 | Oprichniks | secret police in Russia used by Ivan IV to do his dirty work and kill anyone Ivan told them to kill; worked very efficiently | |
| 517536477 | Czar | Autocratic ruler in Russia | |
| 517536478 | Zemsky Sobor | group of Russian boyars that form during Time of Troubles that work together to rule and kick Poland out of Russia, elected Michael Romanov as czar- ended Time of Troubles | |
| 517559921 | Time of Troubles | followed death of Ivan IV without heir early in 17th century; boyars attempted to use vacuum of power to reestablish their authority; ended with selection of Michael Romanov as tsar in 1613. | |
| 517536479 | Incognito | without revealing one's identity; Peter traveled incognito as a carpenter in Europe | |
| 517559922 | Peter I-the Great | czar of Russia who introduced ideas from western Europe to reform the government; encouraged Western clothing and for young Russian men to visit Western Europe; wanted to modernize and westernize Russia (kind of like its own Renaissance) | |
| 517536480 | Streltsi | an elite army who went into rebellion while Peter away in 1698 in Europe. Peter put down rebellion harshly - used torture and execution - went on for months and strung up rebels till they rotted. Lesson to other would-be rebels | |
| 517559923 | gubernii | territorial areas or provinces in Russia governed by local governments but all under Peter the Great-governments used Latin to imitate the West | |
| 517536481 | New Reforms of Peter I | modernize and westernize; made boyars shave their beards dress like the french and speak French. Many didn't shave so the beard tax was established | |
| 517536482 | Holy Synod | A body created by Peter to make decisions for the Church, replaced the patriarch and decreased power of the Russian Orthodox Church | |
| 517536483 | Great Northern War | War with Sweden over control of Baltic, caused by Russia building St. Petersburg on Swedish soil. (Russia wins) | |
| 517536484 | Warm Water Port | a port that doesn't freeze over during the winter ex. St Petersburg and Crimea | |
| 517536485 | St Petersburg | First warm water port gained from Sweden by Peter the Great, made the capital aka "City Built on Bones" or "Window to the West" | |
| 517536486 | "Windows to the West" | knickname that Peter gave to St. Petersburg, wanted it to look like Versailles, like France and the westernized world | |
| 517544400 | "City built on bones" | Nickname for St. Petersburg due to the tens of thousands of workers that died building the city. Workers died from the harsh climate and malaria. Their bodies were thrown into the construction site. | |
| 517544401 | King Charles XII of Sweden | ruled from 1697-1718. Ruler of Swedish empire during Great Northern War. Attacked Russia twice but failed both times. Was a skilled military leader, tactician, and politician | |
| 517544402 | Battle of Narva (1700) | Early battle of Great Northern War resulting in a decisive Swedish victory against a Russian siege force three times the size of the Swedish Relief army under Charles XII | |
| 517544403 | Battle of Poltava (1709) | Battle of Great Northern War resulting in a decisive victory for Peter I of Russia. Marked the Start of Sweden's decline of power and Russia's growth of power. Took place in present day Ukraine. | |
| 517544404 | Treaty of Nystad-1721 | Final treaty of Great Northern War ending the fighting between Russia and Sweden | |
| 517544405 | Empress Elizabeth (daughter of Peter I) | Empress of Russia. Led the country through two major European wars: War of Austrian Succession and the Seven Years War. Winter Palace and Smolny Cathedral are the chief monuments of her reign. One of the most popular Russian monarchs for not executing anyone and for her opposition of Prussian policies. | |
| 517544406 | Catherine II | the longest ruling female in Russian history. Russia rapidly expanded during this time due to conquest and diplomacy. | |
| 517544407 | Orlov Brothers | Belonged to a Russian noble family. Second eldest was Catherine the Greats paramour/advisor. The younger two were notable military leaders. | |
| 517544408 | Gregorii Potemkin | Russian statesman, Military leader, and Noble. Was a favorite of Catherine the great. | |
| 517544409 | Enlightened Despot | A despot/ absolute monarch influenced by enlightenment. They usually allow religious toleration, freedom of speech, the right to hold private property, and foster arts education and science. | |
| 517544410 | Voltaire and Diderot | a french enlightenment writer focusing in civil liberties such as freedom of religion, expression and trade and separation of church and state. AND another french enlightenment writer focusing on free will. Best known as co-founder and chief editor of Encyclopedie | |
| 517544411 | Pugachev revolt | A revolt that took place after Catherine II took power. Largest peasant revolt in Russian history. Lead by Yemelyan Pugachev, an ex-lutenient in the Russian army. Lead Yaik Cossacks in battle and was crushed by by General Michelsohn at Tsaritsyn. Pugachev was then captured and executed | |
| 517544412 | Partition of Poland | Caused the the existence of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth resulting in the elimination of sovereign Poland for 123 years. Took place during the second half on the 18th century. | |
| 517544413 | Silesia | is a historical region of Central Europe located mostly in Poland, with smaller parts also in the Czech Republic, and Germany. Most of it was conquered by Prussia in 1742, later becoming part of the German Empire | |
| 517544414 | "Greek Project" | a secret Russo-Austrian alliance against the Ottoman Empire | |
| 517544415 | War vs. Turks | a series of wars fought between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire during the 16th, 17th, 18th, 19th and 20th centuries. It was one of the longest conflicts in European history. None of these struggles ever resulted in much change in the balance of power in the middle East. | |
| 517544416 | Odessa | is the fifth largest city in Ukraine. The city is a major seaport located on the northwestern shore of the Black Sea. Founded by Catherine the Great | |
| 517544417 | "Potemkin villages" | any hollow or false construct, physical or figurative, meant to hide an undesirable or potentially damaging situation. In the 1700s, the courtesans of Queen Catherine of Russia gave her tours along the Volga river where she witnessed a happy and thriving bourgeoisie living in clean and prosperous villages. But this was all a show to cover disease, poverty, and misery that lay just behind the facade that had been erected for her benefit | |
| 517544418 | Alexander I | served as Emperor of Russia from 23 March 1801 to 1 December 1825 and the first Russian King of Poland from 1815 to 1825. Russia acquired Finland and part of Poland under his rule. |
