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| 176374221 | Sumer | Site of the world's first civilization, located in southeastern Mesopotamia; rose in 3300 BC, the Sumerians are credited with inventing writing | 0 | |
| 176374222 | Indus River | river whose valley was the site of the earliest Indian civilizations; located in what is today Pakistan; where India gets its name; one of the River Valley Civilizations | 1 | |
| 176374223 | Uthman | Third caliph and member of Umayyad clan; murdered by mutinous warriors returning from Egypt; death set off civil war in Islam between followers of Ali and the Umayyad clan | 2 | |
| 176374224 | Saladin | Muslim sultan who overthrew the Seljuk Turks and drove the Christians out of Jerusalem, leading to the Third Crusade | 3 | |
| 176374225 | Ethiopia | a Christian kingdom that developed in the highlands of Eastern Africa; retained Christianity in the face of Muslim expansion elsewhere in Africa; overthrow Axum; had trade contacts with Mediterranean | 4 | |
| 176374226 | Justinian | Byzantine emperor in the 6th century A.D. who reconquered much of the territory previously ruled by Rome, initiated an ambitious building program , including Hagia Sofia, as well as new legal code summarizing Roman laws | 5 | |
| 176374227 | Cyril and Methodius | Byzantine missionaries sent to convert eastern Europe and the Balkans; responsible for creating the Slavic written script called Cyrillic when they translated the Greek bible | 6 | |
| 176374228 | Kievan Rus | The first Russian civilization founded by Scandinavian traders; the name given to the Medieval state "Rus". Heavily influenced by Byzantine Empire. The state existed from approx. 880 to sometime in the 13th century when it disintegrated probably due to the Mongol Invasion in 1237. It was located around the capital of Kiev, also known as Novgorod. The reign of Vladimir the Great introduced ideas like Christianity and legal laws. The collapse of "Rus" is tied to the fall of the Byzantine Empire and the drying up of trade routes. | 7 | |
| 176374229 | Vikings | "Norse" warriors from Scandinavia (Denmark, Sweden, Denmark) who raided much of coastal Europe in the eighth to tenth centuries. Skilled sailors who traveled in boats with high bows and sterns, carefully designed for either rough seas or calm waters. Eventually some settled in the countries they plundered and established new societies, including briefly in North America (they were the first Europeans) | 8 | |
| 176374230 | Manorialism | An economic system based on the manor and lands including a village and surrounding acreage which were administered by a lord. It developed during the Middle Ages to increase agricultural production. | 9 | |
| 176374231 | Benedict | Italian monk who was founder of monasticism ("Father of Western Monasticism") in what had been the western half of the Roman Empire; known for establishing Benedictine Rule (3 vows for monks-- obedience, poverty, and chastity) for his new Benedictine order of monks | 10 | |
| 176374232 | Tang | (618-907 AD) Buddhism at its peak. promotion of art, literature, etc. | 11 | |
| 176374233 | Confucian scholar gentry | The political elite in the Tang and Song dynasties of China, who as a group controlled much of the land and produced most of the candidates for the civil service through a system based on education and Confucian principles; in the Tang and Song Eras, the old landed aristocracy was replaced by these as the political and economic elite of Chinese society. | 12 | |
| 176374234 | Buddhism | Buddhism was China's only large-scale cultural borrowing before the twentieth-century; Buddhism entered China from India in the first and second centuries C.E. through a series of cultural accomodations. At first supported by the state, Buddhism suffered persecution during the ninth century but continued to play a role in Chinese society. | 13 | |
| 176374235 | Silla | Independent Korean kingdom in southeastern part of peninsula; defeated Koguryo along with their Chinese Tang allies; submitted as a vassal of the Tang emperor and agreed to tribute payment; ruled united Korea by 668. | 14 | |
| 176374236 | Kami | Japanese nature spirits revered in the Shinto religion | 15 | |
| 176374237 | Cheng Ho | (Zheng He) Chinese admiral (also a eunuch and Muslim) who commanded the great Indian Ocean expeditions between 1405 and 1433 | 16 | |
| 176374238 | Edict of Nantes | Decreed by French King Henry IV in 1598, it granted the Protestant Huguenots limited political freedoms and the freedom of worship, and brought temporary civilian peace after the religious wars. Very unpopular in France among Catholics. Revoked by Louis XIV in 1685, leading to a massive emigration of French Huguenots. | 17 | |
| 176374239 | Deism | The religion of the Enlightenment (1700s). Followers believed that God existed and had created the world, but that afterwards He left it to run by its own natural laws. Denied that God communicated to man or in any way influenced his life. | 18 | |
| 176374240 | Sepulveda | Argued that Native Americans were inferior and "natural slaves" whose destiny was to be conquered; Spanish professor and debater who supported forcefully converting the native Americans to Christianity | 19 | |
| 176374241 | de Las Casas | Spanish priest who fought for better treatment of the Native Americans in the 16th cent.; greatest defender of the indigenous people because his publications pushed the Spanish Crown to issue the New Law of the Indies, which ended encomiendas and inadvertently increased the African slave trade | 20 | |
| 176374242 | Din-i-Ilahi | Religion initiated by Akbar in Mughal India; blended elements of the many faiths of the subcontinent; key to efforts to reconcile Hindus and Muslims in India, but failed | 21 | |
| 176374243 | Treaty of Brest-Litovsk | 1918 Treaty between Russian Bolsheviks and Germans which ended Russia's participation in WWI. | 22 | |
| 176374244 | Ethnocentrism | tendency to view one's own culture and group as superior to all other cultures and groups; also the practice of judging another culture by the standards of one's own culture | 23 |
