Terms : Hide Images
| 3790011223 | sensation | the subjective awareness of a stimulus; the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment | 0 | |
| 3790011224 | perception | the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information; enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events; helping us make sense of the world around us | 1 | |
| 3790011226 | bottom-up processing | analysis begins withe the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information | 2 | |
| 3790011228 | top-down processing | information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experiences and expectations | 3 | |
| 3790011232 | transduction | converting stimulus in the environment into neural signals | 4 | |
| 3790011237 | selective attention | The ability to focus on only one stimulus from among all sensory input | 5 | |
| 3790011238 | inattentional blindness | failure to see visible objects when our attention in directed elsewhere | 6 | |
| 3790011239 | change blindness | Failing to notice changes in the environment/scenes, even when you appear to be attending to the information | 7 | |
| 3790011240 | choice blindness | the phenomenon of subjects not realizing that they had been given something that was not "their choice" | 8 | |
| 3790021424 | Cocktail party effect | the ability to attend to only one voice among many | 9 | |
| 3792616454 | absolute threshold | the smallest possible strength of a stimulus that can be detected in half the time | 10 | |
| 3792616455 | difference threshold | smallest change in the intensity of a stimulus that can be detected (just noticeable difference) | 11 | |
| 3792616456 | Signal Detection Theory | Our ability to notice a stimulus is varied due to psychological factors including motivation, past experience, and expectations. | 12 | |
| 3792616457 | Weber's Law | To be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage. (Light-8%, Weight-2%, Tones-3%) | 13 | |
| 3792616458 | subliminal | existing or operating below the threshold of consciousness | 14 | |
| 3792628957 | Psychophysics | the study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them | 15 | |
| 3798870999 | Hue | the dimension of visual experience specified by color names and related to wavelength of light | 16 | |
| 3798876669 | Brightness | the dimension of visual experience related to the amount (intensity) of light emitted from or reflected by an object | 17 | |
| 3798881321 | Saturation | (colorfulness) vividness or purity of color; When light contains only a single wavelength, it is said to be pure; the resulting color is said to be completely _____(ed). | 18 | |
| 3798887775 | Cornea | outer covering of the eye | 19 | |
| 3798889977 | Pupil | the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters | 20 | |
| 3798892721 | Iris | a ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening | 21 | |
| 3798896112 | Lens | the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina | 22 | |
| 3798901031 | Retina | the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information | 23 | |
| 3798904370 | Blind Spot | the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a ___________ because no receptor cells are located there | 24 | |
| 3798908919 | Fovea | the central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster | 25 | |
| 3798910947 | Optic Nerve | the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain | 26 | |
| 3798912951 | Rods | Visual receptors that respond to dim light | 27 | |
| 3798912952 | Cones | Visual receptors involved in color vision | 28 | |
| 3798914279 | Thalamus | Relay center of the brain | 29 | |
| 3798914280 | Visual Cortex | Located in the occipital lobe, it is the part of the brain responsible for interpreting visual information | 30 | |
| 3798916013 | Occipital Lobe | Part of the cerebral cortex that contains the visual cortex. One of the four major lobes. Located in the back of your head | 31 | |
| 3798945950 | Sensory Adaptation | The reduction or disappearance of sensory responsiveness when stimulation is unchanging or repetitious | 32 | |
| 3798949562 | Sense Receptors | Specialized cells that convert physical energy in the environment or the the body to electrical energy that can be transmitted as nerve impulses to the brain | 33 | |
| 3798959642 | synesthesia | A condition in which stimulation of one sense also evokes another | 34 | |
| 3798989630 | Sensory deprivation | the absence of normal levels of sensory stimulation | 35 | |
| 3798998282 | Ganglion Cells | Neurons in the retina of the eye, which gather information from receptor cells; their axons make up the optic nerve | 36 | |
| 3799004369 | Dark adaptation | a process by which visual receptors become maximally sensitive to dim light | 37 | |
| 3799008012 | Feature detectors | Cells in the visual cortex that are sensitive to specific features of the environment | 38 | |
| 3799013498 | Trichromatic Theory | a theory of color perception that proposes three mechanisms in the visual system, each sensitive to a certain range of wavelengths; their interaction is assumed to produce all the different experiences of hue | 39 | |
| 3799022993 | Opponent-process theory | a theory of color perception that assumes that the visual system treats pairs of colors as opposing or antagonistic | 40 | |
| 3799030185 | Gestalt principles | principles that describe the brain's organization of sensory information into meaningful unites and patterns | 41 | |
| 3799035122 | Proximity | a Gestalt principle that things that are near each other tend to be grouped together | 42 | |
| 3799038994 | Closure | a Gestalt principle that the brain tends to fill in gaps in order to perceive complex forms | 43 | |
| 3799042204 | Similarity | a Gestalt principle that things that are alike in some way tend to be perceived as belonging together | 44 | |
| 3799048861 | Continuity | a Gestalt principle that lines and patterns tend to be perceived as continuing in time or space | 45 | |
| 3799056776 | binocular cues | visual clues to depth or distance requiring two eyes | 46 | |
| 3799058407 | convergence | the turning inward of the eyes, which occurs when they focus on a nearby object | 47 | |
| 3799061165 | retinal disparity | the slight difference in lateral separation between tow objects as seen by the left eye and the right eye | 48 | |
| 3799064401 | monocular cues | visual cues to depth or distance, which can be used by one eye alone | 49 | |
| 3799066806 | perceptual constancy | the accurate perception of objects as stable or unchanged despite changes in the sensory patterns they produce | 50 | |
| 3799074315 | Interposition | a monocular cue where an object that partly blocks another one must be in front of the other | 51 | |
| 3799079454 | Motion parallax | a monocular cue where an observer is moving and objects appear to move at different speeds. the closer an object, the faster it moves | 52 | |
| 3799085471 | Relative size | a monocular cue where the smaller an object is on the retina, the farther away the object appears | 53 | |
| 3799089381 | Relative clarity | a monocular cue where because of particles in the air from dust, fog, or smog, distant objects tend to look hazier, dull, or less detailed | 54 | |
| 3799094698 | Texture gradients | a monocular cue where distant parts of a uniform surface appear denser; that is its elements seem spaced more closely together | 55 | |
| 3799099767 | Linear perspective | a monocular cue where parallel lines will appear to be converging in the distance; the greater the apparent convergence, the greater the perceived distance | 56 | |
| 3845753637 | Pitch | determined by the wavelength of sound; high frequency = high ______; low frequency = low ______. | 57 | |
| 3845755643 | Wavelength | the distance from the peak of one wave to the peak of the next | 58 | |
| 3845756480 | Intensity (of sound) | Amount of energy in a wave; determined by the amplitude, relates to perceived loudness | 59 | |
| 3845757966 | 85 Decibels | Prolonged exposure to sound above _______ can lead to hearing loss | 60 | |
| 3845758754 | Timbre | the characteristic quality of sound produced by a particular instrument or voice; tone | 61 | |
| 3845760054 | Auditory Canal | a part of the outer ear, it funnels sound waves to the ear drum | 62 | |
| 3845760641 | Eardrum | a tight membrane of the middle ear that vibrates when struck by sound waves | 63 | |
| 3845762747 | Hammer, Anvil, and Stirrup | Three bones of the middle ear | 64 | |
| 3845763236 | Oval Window | where the stirrup connects to the cochlea | 65 | |
| 3845763492 | Cochlea | Located in the inner ear; a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses | 66 | |
| 3845764826 | Hair Cells | Located within the cochlea, the basilar membrane's ________ are the sensory receptors of both the auditory and vestibular system | 67 | |
| 3845765093 | Auditory Nerve | nerve that is connected to the cochlea which sends the auditory message to the brain via the thalamus | 68 | |
| 3852912840 | Place Theory | In hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated | 69 | |
| 3852913452 | Frequency Theory | In hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch | 70 | |
| 3852913829 | Volley Principle | In hearing, the theory that the alternate firing of neurons which have a combined frequency above 1,000 waves per second enables us to sense sounds with frequencies above 1,000 waves per second | 71 | |
| 3852915486 | Conduction Hearing Loss | Hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea | 72 | |
| 3852916887 | Sensorineural Hearing Loss | Hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerves | 73 | |
| 3852917405 | Kinesthesis | The system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts | 74 | |
| 3852917798 | Vestibular Sense | The sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance | 75 | |
| 3852918479 | Semi-circular canals | connected to the cochlea, they contain fluid that moves when your head moves or tilts. Involved in kinesthesis | 76 | |
| 3873449180 | Gustation | The sense of taste | 77 | |
| 3873449181 | Papillae | The tiny bumps on your tongue that are lined with taste buds | 78 | |
| 3873454043 | Taste buds | Line the papillae and house taste receptors | 79 | |
| 3873463724 | Sweet, Salty, Sour, Bitter, Umami | The 5 Basic Tastes | 80 | |
| 3873466168 | Sensory Interaction | the principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste | 81 | |
| 3873469802 | McGurk Effect | An illusion occurs where the auditory component of one sound is paired with the visual component of another sound, leading to the perception of a third sound | 82 | |
| 3873474854 | Olfaction | The sense of smell | 83 | |
| 3873479370 | 4 Basic Skin Senses | Pressure, warmth, cold, pain | 84 | |
| 3873482117 | Phantom Limb Syndrome | the perception of sensations, including pain, in a limb that has been amputated | 85 | |
| 3896090971 | ESP (Extra-Sensory Perception) | perception occurring independently of sight, hearing, or other sensory processes. The scientific consensus does not view ______________ as a real phenomenon | 86 | |
| 3896091922 | Parapsychology | a field of study concerned with the investigation of paranormal and psychic phenomena which include telepathy, precognition, clairvoyance, psychokinesis, near-death experiences, reincarnation, apparitional experiences, and other paranormal claims. It is often identified as pseudoscience | 87 | |
| 3896093235 | Gate-Control Theory of Pain | Theory that asserts that non-painful input closes neural pathways to painful input, which prevents pain sensation from traveling to the central nervous system. | 88 | |
| 3896100937 | Dark Adaptation | the recovery of the eye's sensitivity to visual stimuli in darkness after exposure to bright lights | 89 | |
| 3896101261 | Light Adaptation | the recovery of the eye's sensitivity to visual stimuli in light after exposure to darkness | 90 | |
| 3896101621 | Pinna | The outer part of the ear. Also referred to as the auricle | 91 | |
| 3896102440 | Phi Phenomenon | the optical illusion of perceiving continuous motion between separate objects viewed rapidly in succession | 92 | |
| 3896103744 | Supertaster | a person who experiences the sense of taste with far greater intensity than average. Women are more likely to be ___________, as are those from Asia, South America and Africa. | 93 | |
| 3896105142 | Priming | is an implicit memory effect in which exposure to one stimulus influences the response to another stimulus. | 94 | |
| 3896107478 | Bipolar Cells | is a type of neuron which has two extensions. __________ are specialized sensory neurons for the transmission of special senses. As such, they are part of the sensory pathways for smell, sight, taste, hearing and vestibular functions. | 95 | |
| 3896108694 | Negative afterimage | is a non-specific term that refers to an image continuing to appear in one's vision after the exposure to the original image has ceased. | 96 | |
| 3896110025 | Audition | the ability to hear | 97 | |
| 3896113564 | Rubber hand illusion | Subjects with normal brain function were positioned with their left hand hidden out of sight. They saw a lifelike _________ in front of them. The experimenters stroked both the subjects hidden left hand and the visible ______and with a paintbrush. The experiment showed that if the two hands were stroked synchronously and in the same direction, the subjects began to experience the ________ as their own. | 98 | |
| 3896431218 | Müller-Lyer illusion | The top line looks longer than the bottom one |  | 99 |
| 3896564765 | Perceptual Set | a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another | 100 |
