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| 11430192355 | neurotransmitters | a chemical released by a neuron onto a target with an excitatory0 or inhibitory effect. Acts in the CNS, out side the CNS is called a hormone | 0 | |
| 11430192356 | Acetylcholine (ACh) | activities skeletal muscles ans can inhibit or slow down heart beat. First neurotransmitter discovered in the peripheral and central nervous system; activates skeletal muscles in the somatic nervous system ans may either excite or inhibit internal organs in the autonomic system | 1 | |
| 11430192357 | Epinephrine (adrenaline) | chemical messenger that acts as a hormone to mobilize the body for fight of flight during times of stress ans as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. | 2 | |
| 11430192358 | Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) | neurotransmitter found in the brain and in the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system; accelerates hear rate in mammals | 3 | |
| 11430192359 | Synapses were first seen through | an electron microscopes | 4 | |
| 11430192360 | neurotransmitters must cross the | synaptic gap once released by a vesicle in the presynaptic neuron | 5 | |
| 11430192361 | In the synapse glia cells | work to provide the building blocs for the synthesis of neurotransmitters and help "mop up" used neurotransmitters | 6 | |
| 11430192362 | Dopamine | amine neurotransmitter that plays a role in coordinating movement, in attention and learning, ans in behavior reinforcing | 7 | |
| 11430192363 | gap junction | fused prejucntion ans postjucntion cell membrane in which connected ion channels form a pore that allows ions to pass directly from one neuron to the next |  | 8 |
| 11430192364 | neurotransmission | 1. synthesis 2.release 3.receptor action 4.inactivation | 9 | |
| 11430192365 | 1.Synthesis | neurotransmitters must be made to be ready to be released when action potential travels down the axon | 10 | |
| 11430192366 | 2.Release | upon action potential reaching the axon terminal, Neurotransmitters must be released to the synaptic cleft (gap) | 11 | |
| 11430192367 | 3.Receptor action | transmitter activated receptors receive neurotransmitters on postsynaptic membrane and new action potential is generated | 12 | |
| 11430192368 | 4.inactivation | neurotransmitters then either keep working in the synapse or is broken down into molecules and taken into the synaptic neuron | 13 | |
| 11430192369 | how are neurotransmitters deactivates? | diffusion degradation re-uptake glia uptake | 14 | |
| 11430192370 | diffusion to deactivate neurotransmitters | some neurotrnamitters diffuse away from receptors sites to no longer act on the receptor | 15 | |
| 11430192371 | degradation | enzymes break down neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft to create building blocks to create new ones | 16 | |
| 11430192372 | re-uptake | membrane transporter proteins can break down or take whole neurotransmitters back into presynaptic neuron | 17 | |
| 11430192373 | glia uptake | some glia take in the neurotransmitter and can store it for future use in the synaptic cleft through phagocytosis | 18 | |
| 11430192374 | Synaptic variety | dendrodendritic axodendritic axoextracellular axosomatic axoaxonic axosynaptic axosecretory | 19 | |
| 11430192375 | dendrodendritic | dendrites send messages to other dendrites | 20 | |
| 11430192376 | axodendritic | axon terminal of one neuron synapses on dendritic spine of another |  | 21 |
| 11430192377 | axonextracellular | terminal with no specific target. secretes transmiter to extracellular fluid | 22 | |
| 11430192378 | axosomatic | axon terminal ends on cell body | | 23 |
| 11430192379 | axosynaptic | axon terminal ends on another terminal | 24 | |
| 11430192380 | axosecretory | axon terminal ends on tine blood vessel and secretes transmitter into blood stream | 25 | |
| 11430192381 | Axoaxonic | axon terminal ends on another axon | | 26 |
| 11430192382 | what determines what is a neurotransmitter | 1.chemical must be synthesize or present in neuron 2.when released, it must produce response in target cell 3.same receptor action must be obtained when chemical is experimentally placed on target 4.there must be a mechanism for removal after chemical work' is done | 27 | |
| 11430192383 | 3 types of neurotransmitters | Small molecules peptide (neuropeptides) tranmitter gasses | 28 | |
| 11430192384 | Small molecules neurotransmitters | most common in nervous system. quick acting NT synthesized in the axon terminal from products derived from the diet. | 29 | |
| 11430192385 | what are the 4 types of small molecules neurotransmitters | Acetylcoline synthesis Amine synthesis Serotonin synthesis Amino Acid synthesis | 30 | |
| 11430192386 | Acetylcoline made up of | Choline and Acetate | 31 | |
| 11430192387 | Amine synthesis includes | epinephrine dopamine nor-epinephrine | 32 | |
| 11430192388 | Amine synthesis depends on | rate limiting factors, which are any enzyme that is in limited supply, thus restricting the pace at which a chemical can be synthesized | 33 | |
| 11430192389 | Seretonin synthesis controls | mood/ agression / sleepiness / daily activities to live | 34 | |
| 11430192390 | Seretonin depends on | triptophan | 35 | |
| 11430192391 | Amino Acid synthesis makes | GABA GLUTAMATE | 36 | |
| 11430192392 | GABA | amino acid neurotransmitter that inhibits neurons. COMES you Down. -Parasympathetic |  | 37 |
| 11430192393 | Glutamate | amino acid neurotransmitter that excites neurons. Pumps you UP - Sympathetic System |  | 38 |
| 11430192394 | Peptides (neuropeptides) Neurotransmitters | multifunctional chain of amino acids that act as Neurotransmitters. TAKE MORE TIME TO Synthesis than small molecules. Ex: opioid, insulin, corticosteroid | 39 | |
| 11430192395 | Transmitter Gasses | Synthesized in the cell as needed. Very fast acting, activate metabolic processes in cells such as MODULATING PRODUCTION OF OTHER NTs. Ex: nitric oxide, carbon monoxide. | 40 | |
| 11430192396 | 2 types of receptors in postsynaptic neurons | Ionotropic receptor metabotropic receptor | 41 | |
| 11430192397 | Ionotropic receptor | binding site for NT ans has a channel for Na+, K+ to cross the membrane (the shape of the protein changes as the ions travel through). RAPIDLY changes voltage across membrane . Usually EXITATORY- Triggers action potentials |  | 42 |
| 11430192398 | Metabotropic receptor | binding site for NT but no channel of its own. It Activates other channels near it to open or close for ions to cross membrane. Linked to a G protein that can affect other receptors or act with second messengers to affect other cellular processes. Alpha sub unit attaches to the near by channel to open it or Alpha sub unit attaches to enzyme and then the enzyme creates a secondary messenger that causes a channel to open. | | 43 |
| 11430192399 | Activating systems | Uses specific neurotransmitter to control other places. neural pathway that coordinates brain activity through a single neurotransmitter; cell bodies are located in nucleus in the brainstem and axons are distributed through a wide region of the brain | 44 | |
| 11430192400 | The 4 types of activating systems in CNS | Cholinergic system dopaminergic system noradrenergic system serotenergiic system | 45 | |
| 11430192401 | Cholinergic system | Acetylcholine -> plays a tole in normal working behavior, attention and memory | 46 | |
| 11430192402 | dopaminergic system | dopamine: coordinating movements and involved in addictive behavior | 47 | |
| 11430192403 | noradrenergic system | norapinephrine: may stimulate neurons to change structure during learning , emorional processing | 48 | |
| 11430192404 | serotenergic system | seratonin: weakfulness, mood, plays a role in learning | 49 | |
| 11430192405 | Learning | a relative change in behavior that results from experience | 50 | |
| 11430192406 | Habituation | the response to a stimulus WEAKENS with repeated presentations of the stimulus. can happen with all the senses. NEURAL BASIS: as habituation develops, the EPSPs in motor neurons become smaller, calcium channels, less neurotransmitters are transmitted from presynaptic neuron. | 51 | |
| 11430192407 | Sensitization | an enhanced response to a stimulus where synapses change at the potassium channel. More POTASIUM leads to greater Neurotransmitter in the synapse creating larger response to same stimulus | 52 |
