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| 5905273070 | Collapse of Ottoman Empire | Collapsed due to MTE (military, territorial, economic). faced internal and external pressures. Janissaries/military ignored advances in weapon technology and stopped training hard, and also formed coup de tats against the sultans. Livelihood of Ottoman Empire relied upon military power. Loss of military power led to the ability for local rulers to become independent and lost land to foreign powers. Economic difficulties: Industrialized European goods were cheap yet high quality, domestic Ottoman workers couldn't keep up (they weren't industrialized), domestic labor in Ottoman Empire mainly produced raw materials which weren't as valuable as European goods. Political corruption, power was held by wealthy elite, rather than just sultan and his cabinet, therefore privatization of interests in government. | 0 | |
| 5905547421 | Capitulations | capitulations=agreements that exempted European visitors from Ottoman law. Europeans used Ottoman ports to increase profit (tax-free banks and commercial enterprises had less taxes on goods). Ottomans lost money because of system, raised taxes on citizens to balance losses, however this only led to more socioeconomic strife/unrest. | 1 | |
| 5905400257 | Selim III | tried to reform Ottoman empire. Used modern weapons, trained troops with Europeans-used European military techniques. However, the move threatened Janissaries, who rebelled and killed new troops and jailed Selim | 2 | |
| 5905417579 | Mahmud II | Descendant of Selim. Launched reform program. Used European style-army (killed all janissaries who rebelled against him). By reestablishing military power, gave way to more changes: secondary education for boys, separated power from rich landlords to only sultan and his cabinet. Changes were influenced by Europeans. After his death, size of Ottoman Empire shrank, but became more manageable and powerful than since 1600s. | 3 | |
| 5905529984 | Tanzimat Era (1839-1876) | Tanzimat=reorganization in response to decline of Ottomans. Started by Abdulmecid. Tempo of reform was greatly accelerated during era (1839-1876). Military, political, educational, and legal systems were reformed. Reformations were inspired by Enlightenment thought and constitutions in Europe: everyone was equal under law (non-muslims too). Challenged idea religion did not dictate law or education. Kept sultanate | 4 | |
| 5914388533 | Opposition to Tanzimat Era | Criticism from religious conservatives, being nice to Jews and Christians disobeyed Muslim law. Young Ottomans were primary dissenters. | 5 | |
| 5914434241 | Young Turks | Opposition group to Abdul Hamid II. Sought equality for all people (women too), free public education, freedom of religion, equality before law, everybody can vote. Wanted Ottoman empire to be similar to that of Britain, pushing for far-left reform; however, still wanted to keep Ottoman traditions/culture. | 6 | |
| 5914488751 | Abdül Hamid II (1876-1909) | Tyrannical/Autocratic rule. Reformers tried to implement a checks-and-balances system, but failed. Hamid dissolved parliament, exiled liberals, executed dissenters, and suspended the constitution. Autocratic rule created liberal opposition groups. | 7 | |
| 5914523236 | Sultans | autocratic ruler in Ottoman empire. Had too much unchecked power, which became biggest problem of Ottoman Empire. | 8 | |
| 5922620126 | Young Ottomans | miscellaneous group with different ideas for government and religious reform. However, all wanted individual freedom, and political decentralization. Wanted the Tanzimat Reforms to go further | 9 | |
| 5943549326 | Young Turks vs. Young Ottomans | just memorize them as separate things. | 10 | |
| 5943417909 | Opium Trade | Started because East India Trading Company wanted more profits from China. Illegal to sell/smoke in Britain, yet East India Trading Company grew it India and sold it to Chinese anyway (bent the rules). Chinese officials didn't stop it because they benefitted (bribery). | 11 | |
| 5943428099 | Trade with China and Europe Before Opium | Europeans could only trade silver with Chinese. Chinese didn't want/need any European goods. Trade imbalance between Europe and China, Europe was in debt | 12 | |
| 5943444820 | Lin Zexu | Incorruptible Chinese scholar/official. Given task of stopping opium trade. Started Opium War | 13 | |
| 5943453131 | Opium War | War between Britain and China. East India Trading Company persuaded Britain to retaliate against China stopping opium trade. China lost. | 14 | |
| 5943461663 | Treaty of Nanjing (1842) | Reduced China's sovereignty. Made China favor Britain, Chinese laws didn't apply to British, allowed for Christian missionaries, opened more ports. Unable to tax imports, legalized opium trade. Foreign traders controlled vast majority of Chinese economy. Led to other unfair treaties between China and other nations. China became under control of foreign powers. | 15 | |
| 5943508224 | Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864) | Started because of concentration of land in wealthy elites, increase of population led to not enough food/land, drug addiction, corrupt officials. Had a lot of problems Brought Qing Dynasty to brink of collapse | 16 | |
| 5905219685 | Hong Xiuquan | poor teacher, failed civil service examinations 4 times. 4th time he failed, underwent emotional collapse, went crazy. Had vision that he was son of Jesus, and was responsible for establishment of a new order in Qing China. Founder of Taiping Program. Committed suicide later | 17 | |
| 5943558228 | Taiping Program | Called for destruction of Qing Dynasty and radical change to Chinese society. Abolition of private property/communal wealth (i.e form of communism), free public education, gender equality | 18 | |
| 5947569086 | Opium | Compact and valuable. Easy to move and large profits. Used to offset trade imbalance between Europe and China | 19 | |
| 5954425131 | Taiping Defeat | Rebellion killed millions, lowered agricultural production that caused starvation. Upper classes and government opposed Taiping Program because it was too radical (powerful wanted to keep power) | 20 | |
| 5954446537 | Cixi | Emperor Guagxu's aunt. Former concubine, turned into powerful and effective empress dowager. Stopped the 100 Days Reform. Wanted to keep out foreign influence. Suddenly died in 1908 one day after the emperor died. | 21 | |
| 5954577410 | Empress Dowager | Mother of Emperor | 22 | |
| 5954461366 | Self-Strengthening Movement (1860-1895) | Blended Chinese culture with European industrial technology. Did not bring enough industrialization to restore military and economic strength. Accomplished only superficial change to economy and society | 23 | |
| 5954483271 | 100 Days Reforms | Came after failure of Self-Strengthening Movement. Led by scholars Kang and Liang. Wanted to make China into an industrialized society, young emperor Guanxu approved. Wanted to form constitutional monarchy, guarantee civil liberties, get rid of corruption, modernize military, stimulate economic development, reform education system. | 24 | |
| 5954506763 | Collapse of 100 Days Reforms | Imperial household, Upper Class, and Cixi didn't like it (took away their power/wealth) Empress Dowager Cixi put a stop to the reforms, killed six leading reformers. Kang and Lian fled to Japan. | 25 | |
| 5954519236 | Boxer Rebellion | Outlash against foreign influence/liberal reforms (100 Days Reforms). Empress Cixi supported the anti-foreign militia. Killed foreigners, Chinese Christians, and Chinese people who knew foreigners. | 26 | |
| 5954552806 | Collapse of Boxer Rebellion | U.S.A, Britain, France, Russia, Germany, and Japan retaliated and destroyed Boxer Rebellion. China had to give money to them, and had to allow foreign armies in. | 27 | |
| 5964824036 | Collapse of Tokugawa | United States and other European nations threatened Japan with heavily armed armies to give them economic and political privileges, or they would attack. Similar to what happened to China: unfair treaties, Japan lost its sovereignty. Dissidents to the unfair treaties sparked a civil war, thsu bringing to an end the Tokugawa. | 28 | |
| 5964839259 | Meji | Response to loss of sovereignty and other domestic and external affairs. | 29 | |
| 5964851684 | Domestic Problems of Tokugawa | Decline in agricultural production and economy, high taxes. Poor and even daimyo/samurai faced hardship. Government responded by making conservative reforms, most were ineffective. | 30 | |
| 5964956880 | Commodore Matthew C. Perry (1853) | American commander, threatened Japan to open diplomatic and commercial relations and make a treaty of friendship, or they would attack Japan. Other countries followed suit and deprived Japan of their sovereignty. | 31 | |
| 5964980725 | End of Tokugawa Rule | Foreign powers resulted in collapse of Tokugawa bakufu. Unequal treaties created opposition from conservative daimyo and emperor. | 32 | |
| 5965011215 | Meji Restoration | Tokugawa tried to fight to keep their power. However, they lost to militia units trained by foreigners with imported weapons. Tokugawa shogun then resigned, as cause was hopeless/lost | 33 | |
| 5965025169 | Mutsuhito | A.K.A Meji (Enlightened Rule). Reigned during most eventful period of Japan's history | 34 | |
| 5965045686 | Meji | Goal was to restore Japanese sovereignty/power, stop unequal treaties, restrengthen Japan/nationality. | 35 | |
| 5965054690 | Abolition of Social Order (Meji) | Took away Daimyo's land, abolished samurai class. Gave daimyo noble status, gave samurai bonds | 36 | |
| 5965076920 | Foreign Influences (Meji) | Used foreign constitutions (particularly Germany's) as a template/source of inspiration | 37 | |
| 5965086411 | Revamping Tax System (Meji) | changed from grain tax to fixed money tax, assessed taxes based on potential productivity of farming land instead basing it off of production alone. | 38 | |
| 5965102942 | Constitutional Government | 39 | ||
| 5975779360 | Tsar | Title of a Russian Monarch, ruled a very diverse ethnic and lingual group of people | 40 | |
| 5975780761 | Russian Military Defeats and Social Reforms | The Loss of the Russians in the Crimean war was humiliating, and caused the Russians to reevaluate their social order: agrarian economy based off of unfree labour, and a tsarist autocracy as the main system of government | 41 | |
| 5975783729 | The Crimean War | 1853-1856, Russia attempted expansion into Manchuria, Central Asia, and the Mediterranean. Although the expanses against the Qing and weakened Ottoman Empire were successful, they attempted to establish a protectorate over the Ottomans and, therefore, upset the balance of European trade. Britain, France, and Sardinia all joined the Ottomans and raped Russia in their own living room. Failure of Crimean War led to variety of social and economic changes in Russia. | 42 | |
| 5975787355 | Alexander 2.0 | Reigned 1855-1881, Issued the Emancipation Manifesto after fearing that if he didn't liberate the Serfs, they would do it themselves in a more unstable manner. Supported industrialization. | 43 | |
| 5975787942 | Emancipation Manifesto | Abolished Serfdom in Russia, gave Serfs full citizenship, marry without consent, and the right to own property. Critical to grow an economy/move away from being an agrarian society, and serfdom caused revolts and therefore domestic instability. | 44 | |
| 5975790784 | Stolypin Reforms | Follow up to Emancipation Manifesto, it was a distribution of land to former serfs, as land was previously owned communally within a mir/society. | 45 | |
| 5975793430 | Zemstvos | 1864, Creation of elected district assemblies to deal with health, education, and general welfare of recently emancipated peasants | 46 | |
| 5975794701 | Russian Industrialization | Part of the reason that Alexander the sequel issued the Emancipation Manifesto was to organize mobile labor force to help further the industrialization of Russia so they could keep up with the west and also it would act as good bonding time for the empire | 47 | |
| 5975795944 | Witte System | Implementation of policies to try and industrialize Russia by stimulating economic growth, including a construction of a rail system called the Trans-Siberian railroad connecting remote parts of the empire. They also remolded the state bank, promoted infant industries through securing highly protective tariffs and securing loans from the west | 48 | |
| 5975796741 | Sergei Witte | 1892-1903 Creator of the Witt systems, Minister of Finance. Prime force for encouraging the industrialization | 49 | |
| 5975797836 | Russian Industrial Discontent | The Witte System, although playing a crucial role in the industrialization, lowered the quality of living for lower classes. This is evident by the multitude of peasant rebellions that broke out across the empire. Quality of living was poor, long work days, and trade-unions and strikes became illegal. | 50 | |
| 5975799278 | Russian Repression | Anti-goverment ideas and rebellion were spreading around. Between 1873-1876 people travelled to rural countryside and roused the peasants. Because of this the police/government locked down on the lower classes, however, this only served to prove their point and further create turmoil | 51 | |
| 5975799279 | Russian Revolution | Finally in 1905, A group of workers demanded a more democratic system of government. They were all killed. This was the final straw. Councils called Soviets were created to organize protests and demonstrations. Eventually, the Tsar gave in and created the Dumagmail | 52 | |
| 5976005613 | Nicholas II | 1894-1917, weak. Very oppressive. Further tried to expand the empire. Basically furthered discontent and screwed the Tsarist autocracy | 53 | |
| 5976011194 | Duma | First Russian parliament. Formed after Bloody Sunday, a massacre of 130 protesters, which led to more protests, mutinies, and rebellion. Duma sought to establish universal suffrage. | 54 |
