chapter 6- learning
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| 740082271 | learning | 1. according to behaviorists, a relatively permanent change in behavior that results in experience 2. according to cognitive theorists the process by which organisms make relatively permanent changes in the way they represent the environment because of experience | 0 | |
| 740082272 | classical conditioning | a simple form of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to evoke the response usually evoked by being paired repeatedly with other stimulus. | 1 | |
| 740082274 | stimulus | an environmental condition that elicits a response | 2 | |
| 740082276 | unconditioned stimulus | a stimulus that conditions an unconditioned response | 3 | |
| 740082278 | Unconditioned Response (UCR) | a natural, usually unvarying response elicited by a stimulus with out learning or conditioning. | 4 | |
| 742846524 | Conditioned Response | a response that becomes associated with a previously unrelated stimulus as a result of pairing the stimulus with another stimulus that ordinarily elicits the response | 5 | |
| 742846525 | Conditioned stimulus | a previously neutral stimulus that after repeated associated that after repeated associated with an unconditioned stimulus elicits the response elicited by the unconditioned | 6 | |
| 742846526 | Orienting Reflex | an unlearned response in which an organism attends to a stimulus. | 7 | |
| 742846527 | Extinction | an experimental procedure in which stimuli lose their ability to evoke learned responses because the events that had followed the stimuli no longer occurred | 8 | |
| 742846528 | spontaneous recovery | the recurrence of an extinguished response as a function of the passage of time. | 9 | |
| 742846529 | generalization | in conditioning, the tendency for a conditioned response to be evoked by stimuli that are similar to the stimulus to which the response, | 10 | |
| 742846530 | discrimination | in conditioning the tendency for an organism to distinguish between a conditioned stimuli that do not forecast an unconditioned stimulus | 11 | |
| 742846531 | higher-order conditioning | a fear reduction technique in which pleasant stimuli are associated with fear evoking stimuli to lose their aversive qualities | 12 | |
| 742846532 | counterconditioning | a fear reduction technique in which pleasant stimuli are associated with aversive stimuli so that the fear evoking stimuli lose their aversive qualities | 13 | |
| 742846533 | flooding | the behavioral fear-reduction technique based on principles of classical conditioning ; fear evoking stimuli (CS) are presented continuously in the absence of actual harm so that fear responses (CR) are are extinguished. | 14 | |
| 742846534 | systematic desensitization | a behavioral fear reduction technique in which a heirarchy of fear evoking stimuli is presented while the other person remains relaxed | 15 | |
| 742846535 | reinforce | to follow a response with a stimulus that increases the frequency of the response | 16 | |
| 742846536 | operant behavior | voluntary responses that are reinforced | 17 | |
| 742846537 | operant conditioning | a simple form of learning in which an organism learns to engage in behavior because it is reinforced. | 18 | |
| 742846538 | positive reinforcer | a reinforcer that when presented increases the frequency of the operant | 19 | |
| 742846539 | negative reinforcer | a reinforcer that when removed increases the frequency of the operant | 20 | |
| 742846540 | primary reinforcer | an unlearned reinforcer | 21 | |
| 742846541 | secondary reinforcer | a stimulus that gains reinforcement value through association with established reinforcers | 22 | |
| 742846542 | conditioned reinforcer | another term for secondary reinforcer | 23 | |
| 742846543 | reward | a pleasant stimulus that increases the frequency of the behavior follows | 24 | |
| 742846544 | punishment | an unpleasant stimulus that suppresses the behavior it follows | 25 | |
| 742846545 | discriminative stimulus | in operant conditioning, a stimulus that indicates that reinforcement is available | 26 | |
| 742846546 | continuous reinforcement | a schedule of reinforcement in which every correct response is reinforced | 27 | |
| 742846547 | partial reinforcement | one of several reinforcement schedules in which every correct response is not reinforced | 28 | |
| 742846548 | fixed interval schedule | a schedule in which a fixed amount of time must elapse between previous and subsequent times reinforcement is available | 29 | |
| 742846549 | variable- interval schedule | a schedule in which variable amounts of time must elapse between the previous and subsequent times reinforcement is available | 30 | |
| 742846550 | fixed-ratio schedule | a schedule in which reinforcement is provided after a fixed number of correct responses | 31 | |
| 742846551 | variable-ratio schedule | a schedule in which reinforcement is provided after a variable number of responses. | 32 | |
| 742846552 | shaping | a procedure for teaching complex behaviors that at first reinforces approximations of the target behaviors | 33 | |
| 742846553 | successive proximations | bahaviors that are progressively closer to a target behavior | 34 | |
| 742846554 | latent | hidden or concealed | 35 | |
| 742846555 | contingency theory | the view that learning occurs when stimuli provide information about the likelihood of the occurrence of stimuli | 36 | |
| 742846556 | observational learning | the acquisition of knowledge and skill through the observation of others (models) rather than direct experience | 37 | |
| 742846557 | model | an organism that engages in a response that is imitated by another organism. | 38 |
