Terms : Hide Images
| 892977296 | Population | The entire collection of individuals or objects about which information is desired. The population is clearly identified using the inclusion/exclusion criteria in the study protocol. | 0 | |
| 892977297 | Parameter | A numerical summary for a population. | 1 | |
| 892977298 | GOAL | Estimation, confidence interval, hypothesis testing | 2 | |
| 892977299 | Sample | A subset of the population, selected in some prescribed manner for study. The sample should be chosen in such a way that it should be representative of the population. In this way, the sample may be used to make statements about the population. | 3 | |
| 892977300 | Statistic | A numerical summary based upon the sample used to estimate a population parameter. | 4 | |
| 913119415 | Response variable | The variable being studied by the experimenter. The experiment will investigate how the response variable behaves when the investigator manipulates one or more explanatory variables or factors. | 5 | |
| 913119416 | Lurking Variable | is a variable not observed in the study that influences the association between the response and explanatory variables due to its own association with each of those variables | 6 | |
| 913119417 | Randomization | Random assignment to ensure that the experiment does not intentionally favor one experimental condition over another. Randomize at the last possible moment. | 7 | |
| 913119418 | Blocking | Using extraneous factors to create groups blocks that are similar. All experimental conditions are then tried in each block. | 8 | |
| 913119419 | Control | Holding extraneous factors constant so that their effects are not confounded with those of the experimental conditions. | 9 | |
| 913119420 | Stratification | A population can be subdivided into nonoverlapping groups. The groups are chosen to more homogeneous than the popoulation. Stratified sampling obtains a simple random sample from each subgroup (strata) of the population. It can be used when information for the strata, as well as the whole population are needed. Stratified sampling sometimes allows for more accurate inferences about a population than does simple random sampling. | 10 | |
| 913119421 | Prospective study | investigators observe the response endpoint of interest in real time | 11 | |
| 913119422 | Retrospective study | Investigators uncover the response endpoint of interest by reading medical records, death certificates, conducting interviews asking about past events, etc. | 12 | |
| 913119423 | Experimental study | assigns to each subject a treatment and then observes the outcome on the response variable | 13 | |
| 913119424 | Treatments | experimental conditions which correspond to assigned values of the explanatory variable | 14 | |
| 913119425 | Observational study | merely observes rather than experiments with the study subjects | 15 | |
| 913119426 | Simple random sample | each possible sample is equally likely | 16 | |
| 913119427 | Clusters random sample | identify clusters of subjects, take simple random sample of the clusters | 17 | |
| 913119428 | Stratified random sample | divides the population into separate groups, called strata, and then selects a simple random sample from each stratum | 18 | |
| 913119429 | Census | count number of people in the population and measure certain characteristics | 19 | |
| 913119430 | Simple random sample | of n subjects from a population is one in which each possible sample of that size has the same chance of being selected | 20 | |
| 913119431 | Survey | a questionnaire is distributed to a sample of subjects | 21 | |
| 913119432 | Observational | subjects responses are recorded under various conditions that are not manipulated by the researcher | 22 | |
| 913119433 | Designed | subjects responses are recorded under various experimental conditions that are manipulated by the researcher | 23 | |
| 913119434 | Sampling frame | is the list of subjects in the population from which the sample is taken | 24 | |
| 913119435 | Experimental units | subjects in an experiment | 25 | |
| 913119436 | Randomized block | a block design with random assignment of treatments to units within blocks | 26 | |
| 913119437 | Variable | is any characteristic observed in a study | 27 | |
| 913119438 | Categorical | each observation belongs to one of a set of categories | 28 | |
| 913119439 | Quantitative | observations on it take numerical values that represent different magnitudes of the variable | 29 | |
| 913119440 | Discrete | is a quantitative variable that is usually a count such as 0, 1, 2, 3 | 30 | |
| 913119441 | Continuous | is a quantitative variable that has a continuum of infinitely many possible values | 31 | |
| 913119442 | Frequency table | is a listing of possible values for a variable, together with the number of observations for each value | 32 | |
| 913119443 | Pie chart | is a circle having a "slice of pie" for each category. | 33 | |
| 913119444 | Bar graph | displays a vertical bar for each category | 34 | |
| 913119445 | Dot plot | shows a dot for each observation, placed just above the value on the number line for that observation | 35 | |
| 913119446 | Stem-and-leaf plot | it displays individual observations | 36 | |
| 913119447 | Histogram | is a graph that uses bars to portray the frequencies or the relative frequencies of the possible outcomes for a quantitative variable | 37 | |
| 913119448 | Distribution | the values the variable takes and the frequency of occurrence of each value | 38 | |
| 913119449 | Skew | to pull in one direction | 39 | |
| 913119450 | Skewed to the left | the left tail is longer than the right tail | 40 | |
| 913119451 | Skewed to the right | the right tail is longer than the left tail | 41 | |
| 913119452 | Mean | is the sum of the observations divided by the number of observations | 42 | |
| 913119453 | Median | is the middle value of the observations when the observations are ordered from the smallest to the largest or vice versa | 43 | |
| 913119454 | Range | is the difference between the largest and the smalles observations | 44 | |
| 945673036 | Confounding variables | when we are uncertain which two variables is causing an effect | 45 | |
| 945673037 | Blind | subjects don't know the treatment to which they are assigned | 46 | |
| 945673038 | Double blind | whoever has with subjects and subjects are not aware of the treatment | 47 | |
| 945673039 | Outliers | is one that appears to deviate markedly from other members of the sample in which it occurs | 48 | |
| 945673040 | Z score | for an observation is the number of standard deviations that it falls from the mean | 49 | |
| 945673041 | Mean and Median | describe the center of a distribution | 50 | |
| 945673042 | Range and Standard Deviation | describe the variability of the distribution | 51 | |
| 945673043 | Standard deviation | represents a typical distance or a type of average distance of an observation from the mean | 52 | |
| 945673044 | Response variable | is the outcome variable on which comparisons are made | 53 | |
| 945673045 | Explanatory variable | if it categorical, it defines the groups to be compared with respect to values for the response variables and if it is quantitative, it defines the change in different numerical values to be compared with respect to values for the response variable | 54 | |
| 945673046 | Association | exists between two variables if a particular value for one variable is more likely to occur with certain values of the other variable | 55 | |
| 945673047 | Contigency table | is a display for two categorical variables | 56 | |
| 945673048 | Scatterplot | is a graphical display for two quantitative variables using the horizontal x axis for the explanatory variable x and the vertical y axis for the response variable y | 57 | |
| 945673049 | Positive association | as x goes up, y tends to go up | 58 | |
| 945673050 | Negative association | as x goes up, y tends to go down | 59 | |
| 945673051 | Correlation | summarizes the direction of the association between two quantitative variables and the strength of its linear trend | 60 | |
| 945673052 | Regression line | predicts the value for the response variable y as a straight line function of the value x of the explanatory variable | 61 | |
| 945673053 | Residuals | the vertical distance between the point and the regression line is the absolute value | 62 | |
| 945673054 | Least Squares Method | method produces the line that has the smallest value for the residual sum of squares | 63 | |
| 945673055 | R squared | it is the percentage of the response variable variation that is explained by a linear model | 64 |
