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| 5732546943 | Quetzalcoatl | Toltec deity; Feathered Serpent; shipped by Aztecs as a major god of civilization | 0 | |
| 5732546944 | Tenochtitlan | Founded c. 1325 on marshy island in Lake Texcoco; became center of Aztec power; joined with Tlacopan and Texcoco in 1434 to form a triple alliance that controlled most of central plateau of Mesoamerica "the foundation of heaven" = what aztecs called it | 1 | |
| 5732546945 | Chinampas | islands of aquatic weeds, mud, and earth placed in frames made of cane and rooted in lakes to create "floating islands"; system of irrigated agriculture utilized by Aztecs | 2 | |
| 5732546946 | Calpulli | kinship groups/clans in Aztec society, later expanded to include residential groups that distributed land and provided labor and warriors | 3 | |
| 5732546947 | Split Inheritance | Inca practice of descent; all titles and political power went to successor, but wealth and land remained in hands of male descendants for support of cult of dead Inca's mummy. reason for expanison | 4 | |
| 5732546948 | Temple of the Sun | Inca religious center located at Cuzco; center of state religion; held mummies of past Incas | 5 | |
| 5732546949 | Mita | forced labor used for big projects essential means of inca control | 6 | |
| 5732546950 | Tambos | Way stations used by Incas as inns and storehouses | 7 | |
| 5732546951 | Quipu | System of knotted strings utilized by the Incas in place of a writing system; could contain numerical and other types of information for censuses and financial records | 8 | |
| 5732546952 | Lake Texcoco | Lake where the capital city of Aztecs, Tenochtitlan, was built where eagle (vision/dream) was found | 9 | |
| 5732546953 | Cult Human Sacrifice | expanded in Aztecs ritual cannibalism accompanied sacrifices military had central role as suppliers of war captives for sacrifice "flower war" | 10 | |
| 5732546954 | Metates | stone boards that women grinded corn on for 6 hours daily to prepare household food (aztec women) | 11 | |
| 5732546955 | Cuzco | Inca capital, c. 1350 founded by Quechua-speaking clans temple of the sun was here developed state bureaucracy run by nobles | 12 | |
| 5732546956 | Quechua | founded inca | 13 | |
| 5732546957 | Aztecs (Mexica) | migrated to the region in 1325 founded cities of tenochtitian and tlateolco in lake texcoco by 1434 controlled city-states built great empire | 14 | |
| 5732546958 | Inca | founded by quechua clans in 1350 capital: cuzco ruler: pachacuti (1438-71); built machu picchu | 15 | |
| 5732546959 | Huayana Capac | The Inca Empire reached its greatest extent under what ruler? | 16 | |
| 5732546960 | Toltec Culture | Succeeded Teotihuacan culture in central Mexico; singly militaristic ethic including human sacrifice; influenced large territory after 1000 CE; declined after 1200 CE capital: Tula (968) Topiltzin: ruler and priest | 17 | |
| 5732546961 | Moctezuma II | Aztec emperor who died while in custody of the Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes. | 18 | |
| 5732546962 | Topic Yupanqui | 1471-1493 conquered Chimor and extended empire reason for expansion: practice of split inheritance | 19 | |
| 5732546963 | Olmec | classical period 800 BCE river-valley massive architecture NO system of writing domesticated dogs, turkeys, guinea pigs | 20 | |
| 5732546964 | Maya | classical period 300-800 CE polytheistic, blood sacrifice city states capital: tikal social stratification many achievements | 21 | |
| 5732546965 | northern nomadic invasions | cause of collapse of toltec empire 1150 | 22 | |
| 5732546966 | valley | where did center of population and political power shift to in mexico? | 23 | |
| 5732546967 | aztec society | transformed from loose association of clans to stratified society dominant role of nobility urbanized society religion was center, believed that they were chsosen to serve the gods | 24 | |
| 5732546968 | Moctezuma II | represented civil power and representative of the gods on earth, cult of human sacrifice united with power of ruler and nobility | 25 | |
| 5732546969 | aztec religion | traditional deities of mesoamerica were venerated hundreds of male/female gods, diff forms like avatars of hindu deities yearly festivals held gods divided into 3 themes: fertility & agricultural cycle: tialoc. god of rain creator deities: tonatiuh, warrior sun god, central of aztec cosmography warefare & sacrifice: Huitzilopochtli = paramount | 26 | |
| 5732546970 | aztec calendar | religious believed in cyclical view of history | 27 | |
| 5732546971 | aztec economy | conquered people paid tribute (by food, slaves, sacrifices, cotton cloth clans in each community periodic markets controlled by merchant class pochtecca = controlled long distance trade cacao beans and gold dust used as currency chinampas - artificial floating islands | 28 | |
| 5732546972 | aztec women | primary role - household peasant women - in field work if skilled in weaving, highly praised 6 hours grinding corn, lack of technology marriages arranged polygamy could inherit property subordinate to men | 29 | |
| 5732546973 | aztec goverment | decentralized city states ruled by speaker chosen by nobility the great speakers = rulers courts, rituals, written books : codices (codax) prime minister = close relative road system | 30 | |
| 5732546974 | marvin harris | author that said the lack of protein led to "cannibal kingdom" | 31 | |
| 5732546975 | Twantinsuyu | world of incas andean highlands relatively large states continued to be important | 32 | |
| 5732546976 | inca religion | political and social life infused polytheistic: highest deity = sun sun cult throughout empire, local gods also worshipped animism mixed with spiritual power of natural phenomena prayers & sacrifices offered at holy shrines (huacas) | 33 | |
| 5732546977 | inca mummies | practiced human sacrifice | 34 | |
| 5732546978 | inca imperial rule | unlike mesoamerica. they created a highly bureaucratic and integrated state four provinces developed state bureaucracy unlike aztecs, they demanded land labor from conquered people rather than monetary tribute road systems stations, tambos | 35 | |
| 5732546979 | inca economy | self sufficiency, not a lot of trade unike aztecs, they did not have large merchant class primarily agricultural terrace farming no private property | 36 | |
| 5732546980 | inca women | theory = gender roles were equal and interdependent reality = military emphasis with gender hierarchy andean practice of inheritance was parallel descent, father to son, mother to daughter worked in fields each household was required to be able to weave for the court some as concubines some served as temple servants : "wirgins of the sun" | 37 | |
| 5732546981 | inca cultural achiements | unlike aztecs, they had NO written language development of quipu: knotted counting system cloth, clothing reflected status pottery, metalwork stone buildings terrace, irrigation projects statecraft = integrating 9-13 million people | 38 | |
| 5732546982 | similaritites | empires based on long development of preceding civilization imperial and military organization tribute empires intensive agriculture strong nobility tolerated local leaders in exchange for loyalty road system polythestic | 39 | |
| 5732546983 | differences | climate geography aztecs = trade and merchants, writing systems, demanded tribute, chinampas incas = integrated empire, colonization, demanded land and labor, terrace human sacrifice but aztec much larger | 40 | |
| 5732546984 | Chiettainships | ruled over many other parts of Caribbean, NW South America | 41 |
