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| 2779853630 | Mesopotamia | literally "between the rivers"; the civilizations that arose in the alluvial plain of the Tigris Euphrates river valleys. | 0 | |
| 2779853631 | potter's wheel | a technological advance in pottery making; invented ca. 6000 B.C.E.; encouraged faster and higher-quality ceramic pottery product. | 1 | |
| 2779853632 | Sumerians | people who migrated into Mesopotamia ca. 4000 B.C.E.; created the first civilization within region; organized area into city-states. | 2 | |
| 2779853633 | cuneiform | a form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge-shaped stylus and clay tablets. | 3 | |
| 2779853634 | city-state | a form of political organization typical of Mesopotamian civilization; consisted of agricultural hinterlands ruled by an urban-based king. | 4 | |
| 2779853635 | Epic of Gilgamesh | the first literary epic; written down ca. 2000 B.C.E.; included story of the Great Flood. | 5 | |
| 2779853636 | ziggurats | massive towers usually associated with Mesopotamian temple connections. | 6 | |
| 2779853637 | animism | a religious outlook that recognizes gods in many aspects of nature and propitiates them to help control and explain nature; typical of Mesopotamian religions. | 7 | |
| 2779853638 | Sargon I of Akkad | ruler of city-state of Akkad; established the first empire in Mesopotamian civilization ca. 2400 B.C.E. | 8 | |
| 2779853639 | Babylonian Empire | unified all of Mesopotamia ca. 1800 B.C.E.; collapsed due to foreign invasion ca. 1600 B.C.E. | 9 | |
| 2779853640 | Hammurabi | the most important Babylonian ruler; responsible for codification of the law. | 10 | |
| 2779853641 | Aknenaton | Egyptian pharaoh of the New Kingdom; attempted to establish monotheistic religion replacing the traditional Egyptian pantheon of gods. | 11 | |
| 2779853642 | pyramids | monumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt; used as burial sites for pharaohs. | 12 | |
| 2779853643 | mummification | act of preserving the bodies of the dead; practiced in Egypt to preserve the body for enjoyment of the afterlife. | 13 | |
| 2779853644 | hieroglyphs | form of writing developed in ancient Egypt; more pictorial than Mesopotamian cuneiforrn. | 14 | |
| 2779853645 | patriarchate | societies in which women defer to men; societies run by men and based upon the assumption that men naturally directed political, economic, and cultural life. | 15 | |
| 2779853646 | Kush | African state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile ca. 1000 B.C.E.; conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries. | 16 | |
| 2779853647 | Yahweh | the single god of the Hebrews; constructed a covenant with Jews as his chosen people. | 17 | |
| 2779853648 | monotheism | the exclusive worship of one god; introduced by Jews into Middle Eastern civilization. | 18 | |
| 2779853649 | Minoans | a civilization that developed on Crete ca. 1600 B.C.E.; capital at the palace complex of Knossos. | 19 | |
| 2779853650 | Mycenae | the 1st civilization to emerge on the Greek mainland; destroyed ca. 1000 B.C.E. | 20 | |
| 2779853651 | Phoenicians | seafaring civilization located on the shores of the eastern Mediterranean; established colonies throughout the Mediterranean. | 21 | |
| 2779853652 | Hittites | an Indo-European people who entered Mesopotamia ca. 1750 B.C.E.; destroyed the Babylonian Empire; swept away ca. 1200 B.C.E. | 22 |
