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| 5576966331 | What motivated European involvement in the world of Asian commerce? (Hint: 4 points) | - the desire for tropical spices (cinnamon, nutmeg, mace, cloves, and, above all, pepper) And other products such as Chinese silk, Indian cottons, rhubarb for medicinal purposes, emeralds, rubies, and sapphires were also in great demand. - The general recovery of European civilization following the disaster of the Black Death - a resentment of the Muslim monopoly on the flow of Indian Ocean products to Europe, and the dislike that many European powers had for Venice's role as intermediary in the trade. - They hoped to discover and ally with the mythical Christian kingdom of Prester John to continue the Crusades and combat a common Islamic enemy. | 0 | |
| 5576978298 | To what extent did the Portuguese realize their own goals in the Indian Ocean? (What did they create? Did they get to their goal? What was the outcome?) | Their original goal of creating a trading post empire that controlled the commerce of the Indian Ocean was at best only partially realized. They never succeeded in controlling much more than half the spice trade to Europe, and by 1600, their trading post empire was in steep decline. | 1 | |
| 5577000185 | The Portuguese gradually blended into the local populations of their strongholds in the Indian Ocean Basin. What was one main difference between the Spanish colonization of the Philippines and the Portuguese? | the Spanish converted Filipinos to Christianity while the Portuguese often blended into the local populations | 2 | |
| 5577003762 | To what extent did the British and Dutch trading companies change the societies they encountered in Asia? - Dutch The Dutch acted to control- On the Banda Islands- Ultimately- | - not only the shipping but also the production of cloves, cinnamon, nutmeg, and mace. - famous for their nutmeg, the Dutch killed, enslaved, or left to starve virtually the entire population of some 15,000 people and then replaced them with Dutch planters, using a slave labor force to produce the nutmeg crop. | 3 | |
| 5577011683 | To what extent did the British and Dutch trading companies change the societies they encountered in Asia? - British They established- British traders focused on- | - three major trading settlements during the seventeenth century: Bombay (now Mumbai), on India's west coast, and Calcutta and Mandras on the east coast. -Indian cotton textiles, which were becoming widely popular in England and it's American colonies. | 4 | |
| 5577021576 | What was Japan's response to the Europeans whom they saw as a threat? | They expelled Christian missionaries and violently suppressed the practice of Christianity. Shogunate authorities also forbade Japanese from traveling abroad and banned most European traders altogether, permitting only the Dutch, who appeared less interested in spreading Christianity, to trade at a single site. For two centuries, Japanese authorities closed the country off from Europe, maintaining trading ties with China and Korea. | 5 | |
| 5577024166 | Why was the silver trade so historically important? | Even more than the spice trade of Eurasia, it was the silver trade that gave birth to a genuinely global network of exchange, being one of the first major commodities to be exchanged on a genuinely global scale. This trade was the first direct and sustained link between the Americas and Asia, and it initiated a web of Pacific commerce that grew steadily over the centuries. Foreigners with silver could now purchase far more of China's silks and porcelains than before. | 6 | |
| 5577028369 | What impact did the discovery of the world's largest silver mine at Potosi have on the Native American miners? | The city's Native American miners worked in conditions so horrendous that some families held funeral services for men drafted to work the mines. | 7 | |
| 5577033470 | How did the discovery of the vast silver mines in South America affect Spain's position in Europe? | The precious metal vastly enriched the Crown, making Spain the envy of its European rivals during the sixteenth century. Spanish rulers could now pursue military and political ambitions in both Europe and the Americas far beyond the country's own resource base. Nonetheless, this vast infusion of wealth did not fundamentally transform the Spanish economy because it generated more inflation of prices than real economic growth. When the value of silver dropped, Spain lost its earlier position as the dominant Western European power. | 8 | |
| 5577043059 | In what ways did the Chinese response to the global silver economy differ from the Japanese response? Japan (4 points) | - Its military rulers, the Tokugawa shoguns, used silver-generated profits to defeat hundred of rival feudal lords and unify the country. - The shoguns allied with the country's vigorous merchant class to develop a market-based economy and to invest heavily in agricultural and industrial enterprises. - Japanese state created conservation program to combat their dwindling forests. - Millions of families took steps to have fewer children by practicing late marriages, contraception, abortion, and infanticide, resulting in a dramatic slowing of population growth. | 9 | |
| 5577045506 | In what ways did the Chinese response to the global silver economy differ from the Japanese response? China (4 points) | - To obtain the silver needed to pay their taxes, more and more people had to sell something- either their labor or their products. - Communities that devoted themselves to growing mulberry trees, on which silkworms fed, had to buy their rice from other regions. Thus, the Chinese economy became more regionally specialized. - (Especially southern) China's surging economic growth growth resulted in the loss of about half the area's forest cover as more and more land was devoted to cash crops. No Japanese-style conservation program emerged to address this growing problem. | 10 | |
| 5577048352 | What may have increased the demand for furs in the early modern era? | By 1500, European population growth and agriculture expansion had sharply diminished the supply of fur-bearing animals (e.g. beaver, rabbits, sable, marten, deer). Much of the early modern era witnessed a period of cooling temperatures and harsh winters aka "Little Ice Age." | 11 | |
| 5577054792 | Describe the POSITIVE impact of the fur trade on North American native societies. (3 points) | - ex. The Hurons annually exchanged thousands of pelts (mostly beaver), for copper pots, metal axes, knives, cloth, fire-arms, and alcohol. Many of the items were of real value, which strengthened the Hurons in their relationships with neighboring peoples. - Enhanced the authority of Huron chiefs by providing them with gifts to distribute among their followers. At least initially, competition among Europeans ensured that Native American leaders could negotiate reasonable prices for their goods. - Their important role in the lucrative fur trade provided protection for a while from the extermination, enslavement, or displacement that was the fate of native peoples in Portuguese Brazil. | 12 | |
| 5577057180 | Describe the NEGATIVE impact of the fur trade on North American native societies. (3 points) | - European borne diseases like influenza and smallpox wiped out entire populations. ex. about half of the Hurons perished. - generated warfare beyond anything previously known. Almost wiped out many species by over-hunting, - left Native Americans dependent on European goods without an ability to manufacture the goods, lost traditional craft making, brought alcohol with destructive effects. - Women lost authority and prestige as creators of food, clothing, utensils, and decorations from the hides of the animals their husbands caught. | 13 | |
| 5577066828 | How did the North American and Siberian fur trades differ from each other? What did they have in common? (3 points) | a.) The profitability of that trade in furs was the chief incentive for Russia's rapid expansion during the 16th and 17th centuries across Siberia, where the "soft gold" of fur-bearing animals was abundant. The trade of furs greatly enriched the Russian state, private merchants, trappers, and hunters included. b.) As disease took its toll, as indigenous people become dependent on Russian goods, as the settler frontier encroached on native lands, and as many species of fur-bearing mammals were seriously depleted. c.) Whereas several European nations competed in North America and generally obtained their furs through commercial negotiations with Indian societies, no such competition accompanied Russian expansion across Siberia. | 14 | |
| 5577070947 | What was slavery like in the Islamic world? | Although slaves were everywhere vulnerable "outsiders" to their masters' societies, in many places they could be assimilated into their owners' households, lineages, or communities. In some places, children inherited the slave status of their parents; elsewhere those children were free persons. The preference was for female slaves by a two-to-one margin. Not all slaves, however, occupied degraded positions. Some would acquire prominent military or political status. | 15 | |
| 5577073175 | What was distinctive about the Atlantic slave trade in the Americas? | The immense size of the traffic in slaves and its centrality to the economies of colonial America. It was largely based on plantation agriculture and treated slaves as a form of dehumanized property, lacking any rights in the society of their owners. Slave status was inherited across generations, with little hope in sight for the vast majority. Nowhere else was widespread slavery associated with societies affirming values of human freedom and equality. Atlantic slavery came to be identified wholly with Africa and with "blackness." | 16 | |
| 5577076395 | What caused the Atlantic slave trade to grow? Why was slavery a source of labor? | The new common sweetener known as sugar, in the Mediterranean world. Europeans craved the sweetener, and upon learning from the Arabs about sugarcane and the laborious techniques needed to produce it in a usable form, Europeans established sugar-producing plantations. Perhaps one of the first modern industries, it required huge capital investment, substantial technology, an almost factory-like discipline among workers, and a mass market of consumers to keep it going. The immense difficulty and danger of the work, the limitations attached to serf labor, and the general absence of wage workers all pointed to slavery as a source of labor for sugar plantations. | 17 | |
| 5577079383 | Why did Africa become the primary source of slave labor for plantation economies of the Americas? | Largely through a process of elimination; Slavic peoples were no longer available; Native Americans quickly perished from European diseases; marginal Europeans were Christians and therefore supposedly exempt from slavery; and European indentured servants who agreed to work for a fixed period in return for transportation, food, and shelter, were expensive and temporary. Africans, on the other hand, were skilled farmers; they had some immunity to both tropical and European diseases; they weren't Christians; they were relatively close at hand; and were readily available in large numbers through African-operated commercial networks. | 18 | |
| 5577081591 | What role did the Europeans play in the unfolding of the Atlantic Slave trade? (3 points) | - The European demand for slaves was clearly the chief cause, and from the point of sale on the African coast to the massive use of slave labor on American plantations, the entire enterprise was in European hands. - European demand elicited an African supply. - Europeans tried to exploit African rivalries to obtain slaves at the lowest possible cost, and the firearms they funneled into West Africa may well have increased the warfare from which so many slaves were derived. | 19 | |
| 5577085317 | What role did the Africans play in the unfolding of the Atlantic slave trade? (3 points) | - The entire enterprise was normally in African hands. Almost nowhere did Europeans attempt outright military conquest; instead they generally dealt as equals with local African authorities. - Africans brought slaves to the coast for sale to Europeans waiting on ships or in fortified settlements. - The slave trade connected with commerce in silver and textiles as it became part of an emerging worldwide network of exchange. | 20 | |
| 5577090443 | What regions in the Americas had the largest destination of slaves in the 18th century? | Caribbean and Brazil | 21 | |
| 5577093390 | In what different ways did the Atlantic slave trade transform African societies? (3 points) | 1. Permanent part of interacting Atlantic world 2. Slowed Africa's population growth at the time 3. Added positive economic change. 4. Political disruption. | 22 | |
| 5577094960 | Ferdinand Magellan | A Portuguese mariner sailing on behalf of the Spanish Crown, responsible for Spain's first encounter with the Philippines during the famous round-the-world voyage (1519-1521). | 23 | |
| 5577097928 | British/Dutch East India Companies | This company was given a charter by the English government giving them a trade monopoly and the right to wage war and govern conquered people./Due to their military might, the British and Dutch were able to overtake the Portuguese in the Indian Ocean trade arena. | 24 | |
| 5577097929 | Daimyo | Feudal lords of Japan who controlled their own samurai warriors./These warriors often found the military ingenuity of the European powers appealing. | 25 | |
| 5577097930 | Samurai | Warriors who were loyal to a feudal lord in Japan./The samurai helped feudal lords maintain conflict in Japan for many years. | 26 | |
| 5577097931 | Shogun | Supreme military commander who unified Japan politically./Shoguns began to think of the European influence as damaging to Japan. | 27 | |
| 5577100609 | Takagawa Shogunate | Shogun clan who believed that outside influences were bad for Japan and who closed off the country from Europe./While the Tokugawa kept Japan from trading with European countries, they maintained trade with China and Korea. | 28 | |
| 5577102769 | Manila | the colonial capital of the Philippines, and destination of annual Spanish shipments of silver, which were drawn from the rich mines of Bolivia, transported initially to Acapulco in Mexico, and from there shipped across the Pacific to the Philippines. This trade was the first direct and sustained link between the Americas and Asia, and it initiated a web of Pacific commerce that grew steadily over the centuries. | 29 | |
| 5577102770 | Potosi | silver mining town in Bolivia (1546) | 30 | |
| 5577104819 | African diaspora | The practice of capturing and transporting Africans out of Africa created a spread of African people across the Atlantic./These Africans changed the populations of the lands where they were enslaved and they brought with them their culture and traditions which influenced those societies in ways apparent even today. | 31 | |
| 5577106538 | Middle Passage | The Middle Passage was the trade route that moved Africans from their homes to lives of slavery in the Americas./About 14% of those taken died during the passage across the Atlantic while many others died during capture and transport to the African coast. | 32 |
