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| 285074482 | Neolithic Revolution | This social revolution was also known as the New Stone Age where people changed from hunting and gathering food to domesticating animals and cultivating land as farmers. | 0 | |
| 285074483 | Pastoralists | People who ranged over wide areas and kept herds of livestock on which they depended for food and other items. | 1 | |
| 285074484 | Trans- Saharan Trade | route across the sahara desert. Major trade route that traded for gold and salt, created caravan routes, economic benefit for controlling dessert, camels played a huge role in the trading | 2 | |
| 285074485 | City-state | a city with political and economic control over the surrounding countryside | 3 | |
| 285074486 | Judaism | A religion with a belief in one god. It originated with Abraham and the Hebrew people. Yahweh was responsible for the world and everything within it. They preserved their early history in the Old Testament. | 4 | |
| 285074487 | Persian Empire | a huge empire ranging from Asia Minor to India; Darius I unified the empire by creating provinces and giving each province a ruler; encouraged a money economy with coins rather than goods | 5 | |
| 285074488 | Zoroastrainism | worship Ahura Mazda supreme divine authority, believe created heaven and earth, Animist Religion that saw material existaence as battle between forces of good and evil; stressed the importance of moral choice; righteous lived on after death in "House of Song"; chief religion in Persian Empire | 6 | |
| 285074489 | Caste- System | a set of rigid social categories that determined not only a person's occupation and economic potential, but also his or her position in society | 7 | |
| 285074490 | Daoism | Chinese School of Thought: Daoists believe that the world is always changing and is devoid of absolute morality or meaning. They accept the world as they find it, avoid futile struggles, and deviate as little as possible from the Dao, or 'path' of nature., philosophical system developed by of Lao-tzu and Chuang-tzu advocating a simple honest life and noninterference with the course of natural events | 8 | |
| 285074491 | Karma | (Hinduism and Buddhism) the effects of a person's actions that determine his destiny in his next incarnation | 9 | |
| 285074492 | Nirvana | (Hinduism and Buddhism) the beatitude that transcends the cycle of reincarnation | 10 | |
| 285074493 | Byzantine Empire | Historians' name for the eastern portion of the Roman Empire from the fourth century onward, taken from 'Byzantion,' an early name for Constantinople, the Byzantine capital city. The empire fell to the Ottomans in 1453. (250) | 11 | |
| 285074494 | Hoplite | Heavily armored Greek infantryman of the Archaic and Classical periods who fought in the close-packed phalanx formation. Hoplite armies-militias composed of middle- and upper-class citizens supplying their own equipment: Superior to all other forces 128 | 12 | |
| 285074495 | Mycenaean | Of, relating to, or being the Aegean civilization that spread its influence from Mycenae to many parts of the Mediterranean region from about 1580 to 1120 B.C. | 13 | |
| 285489223 | Polis | The Greek term for city- state, an urban center and the agricultural territory under its control. It was the characteristic form of of political organization in southern and central Greece in the Archaic and Classical periods. Of the hundreds of city-states the Meditterranaen and Black Sea regions settled by Greeks, some were oligarchic, others democratic, depending on the powers delegated to the Council and Assembly. | 14 | |
| 285489224 | Roman Empire | an empire established by Augustus in 27 BC and divided in AD 395 into the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern or Byzantine Empire, Existed from 27 BCE to about 400 CE. Conquiered entire Mediterranean coast and most of Europe. Ruled by an emperor. Eventually oversaw the rise and spread of Christianity. | 15 | |
| 285489225 | Olmec | The first Mesoamerican civilization. Between ca. 1200 and 400 B.C.E., the Olmec people of central Mexico created a vibrant civilization that included intensive agriculture, wide-ranging trade, ceremonial centers, and monumental construction. | 16 | |
| 285489226 | Mesoamerica | This early civilization included Mexico and Central America and it was based on sedentary agriculture and the cultivation of corn and food production. | 17 | |
| 285489227 | Ibn Battuta | Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan., a traveler and historian and native of Tangier in North Africa. He visited most of the countries in the Islamic world. He praised the people for their study of the Qur'an but criticized them for not strictly practicing Islam's moral code. | 18 | |
| 285489228 | Mansa Kankan Musa | Ruler of Mali (r. 1312-1337). His pilgrimage through Egypt to Mecca in 1324-1325 established the empire's reputation for wealth in the Mediterranean world. | 19 | |
| 285489229 | Bubonic Plague | Also called the Black Death was a deadly disease that spread through Europe and killed one out of every three people | 20 | |
| 285489230 | Abbasid Empire | founded by Abu- Al Abbas from 700 to 1258 and was based on equality, 750-1258, Golden age of Islam, capital in Baghdad, focused on institutions and economic expansion, ethnic equality, problems were rifts with the Perisans/Shia., Islamic Turkish empire whose capital was Baghdad; taken over by persians in 945 | 21 | |
| 285489231 | Hajj | the fifth pillar of Islam is a pilgrimage to Mecca during the month of Dhu al-Qadah | 22 | |
| 285489232 | Mongols | A people of this name is mentioned as early as the records of the Tang Empire, living as nomads in northern Eurasia. After 1206 they established an enormous empire under Genghis Khan, linking western and eastern Eurasia. >(p. 325) | 23 | |
| 285489233 | Quran | Book composed of divine revelations made to the Prophet Muhammad between ca. 610 and his death in 632; the sacred text of the religion of Islam. | 24 | |
| 285489234 | Shi'ite | the smaller of the two main divisions of Islam; represent the Persian variation of Islam and believe in the infallibility and divine right to authority of the Imams, descendants of Ali | 25 | |
| 285489235 | Ka'bah | The holiest shrine of Islam, a black meteorite, that is found in Mecca, to which Muslims pray to 5 times a day, sacred stone in the center of Mecca around which muslims are to walk during their pilgrimage | 26 | |
| 285489236 | Umma | The community of all Muslims. A major innovation against the background of seventh-century Arabia, where traditionally kinship rather than faith had determined membership in a community. | 27 | |
| 285489237 | Dhow | Ship of small to moderate size used in the western Indian Ocean, traditionally with a triangular sail and a sewn timber hull. | 28 | |
| 285489238 | Delhi Sultanate | founded after Muhammad of Ghor captured Delhi in 1192; lasted from 1206 AD to 1526 AD; the first Muslim empire in India; fell to Mughal conquest | 29 | |
| 285489239 | Grand Canal | The 1,100-mile (1,700-kilometer) waterway linking the Yellow and the Yangzi Rivers. It was begun in the Han period and completed during the Sui Empire. | 30 | |
| 285489240 | Kamakura Shogunate | The first of Japan's decentralized military governments. (1185-1333). | 31 | |
| 286542293 | Investiture Controversy | the most significant conflict between secular and religious powers in medieval Europe. It began as a dispute in the 11th century between Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, and the Pope Gregory VII concerning who would control appointments of church officials | 32 | |
| 286542294 | Medieval | characteristic of the time of chivalry and knighthood in the Middle Ages | 33 | |
| 286542295 | Schism | a formal split within a religious organization; any division or separation of a group or organization into hostile factions | 34 | |
| 286542296 | Ayllu | extended family group, community cooperation system used by the Incas. | 35 | |
| 286542297 | Chinampas | Beds of aquatic weeds, mud, and earth placed in frames made of cane and rooted in lakes to create "floating islands"; system of irrigated agriculture utilized by Aztecs | 36 | |
| 286542298 | Khipus | a system of knotted chords used to aid administration, record population counts and record tribute obligations (used by Andean civilizations) | 37 | |
| 286542299 | Mit'a | Andean labor system based on shared obligations to help kinsmen and work on behalf of the ruler and religious organizations. | 38 | |
| 286542300 | Hieroglyphics | an ancient Egyptian writing system in which pictures were used to represent ideas and sounds | 39 | |
| 286542301 | Pharaoh | a king of ancient Egypt, considered a god as well as a political and military leader | 40 | |
| 286542302 | Christianity | a monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior | 41 | |
| 286542303 | Cuneiform | a system of writing with wedge-shaped symbols, invented by the Sumerians around 3000 B.C. | 42 | |
| 286542304 | Monotheism | belief in a single God | 43 | |
| 286542305 | Polytheism | belief in multiple Gods | 44 | |
| 286542306 | Buddhism | the teaching of Buddha that life is permeated with suffering caused by desire, that suffering ceases when desire ceases, and that enlightenment obtained through right conduct and wisdom and meditation releases one from desire and suffering and rebirth | 45 | |
| 286542307 | Confuciansim | the system of ethics, education, and statesmanship taught by Confucius and his disciples stressing love for humanity, ancestor worship, reverence for parents, and harmony in thought and conduct | 46 | |
| 286542308 | Hinduism | a body of religious and philosophical beliefs and cultural practices native to India and characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme beingof many forms and natures, by the view that opposing theories are aspects of one eternal truth, and by a | 47 | |
| 286542309 | Legalism | In China, a political philosophy that emphasized the unruliness of human nature and justified state coercion and control. The Qin ruling class invoked it to validate the authoritarian nature of their regime. , Chinese philosophy developed by Hanfeizi; taught that humans are naturally evil and therefore need to be ruled by harsh laws | 48 | |
| 286542310 | Sati | Hindu custom that called for a wife to join her husband in death by throwing herself on his funeral pyre | 49 | |
| 286542311 | Hellenistic Age | Greek culture spread across western Asia and northeastern Africa after the conquests of Alexander the Great. The period ended with the fall of the last major Hellenistic kingdom to Rome, but Greek cultural influence persisted until spread of islam. (137) | 50 | |
| 286542312 | Minoans | A Neolithic people that started around 3000BC, supposedly the earliest people on the island of Crete. They were excellent sailors & traded w/ Egypt & the Fertile Crescent. Were conquered by mainland Greece. | 51 | |
| 286542313 | Pax Romana | A period of peace and prosperity throughout the Roman Empire, lasting from 27 B.C. to A.D. 180. | 52 | |
| 286542314 | Roman Republic | The ancient Roman state from 509 BC until Augustus assumed power in 27 BC. was governed by an elected Senate but dissatisfaction with the Senate led to civil wars that culminated in a brief dictatorship by Julius Caesar. | 53 | |
| 286542315 | Romanization | The process by which the Latin language and Roman culture became dominant in the western provinces of the Roman Empire. Romans did not seek to Romanize them, but the subjugated people pursued it. | 54 | |
| 286542316 | Chavin | The first major urban civilization in South America (900-250 B.C.E.). Its capital was located high in the Andes Mountains of Peru. Chavin became politically and economically dominant in a densely populated region. | 55 | |
| 286542317 | Ethiopia | a Christian kingdom that developed in the highlands of eastern Africa under the dynasty of King Lalaibela; retained Christianity in the face of Muslim expansion elsewhere in Africa | 56 | |
| 286542318 | Mali | Empire created by indigenous Muslims in western Sudan of West Africa from the thirteenth to fifteenth century. It was famous for its role in the trans-Saharan gold trade. | 57 | |
| 286542319 | Swahili Coast | East African shores of the Indian Ocean between the Horn of Africa and the Zambezi River; from the Arabic sawahil, meaning 'shores.' | 58 | |
| 286542320 | Caliphate | Office established in succession to the Prophet Muhammad, to rule the Islamic empire; also the name of that empire. (See also Abbasid Caliphate; Sokoto Caliphate; Umayyad Caliphate.) | 59 | |
| 286542321 | Five Pillars of Faith | the essential duties of Muslims must fulfill; faith, prayer, alms, fasting and pilgrimage, Belief of Islam: 1. There is no God but Allah and Muhammed is his messenger 2. Pray 5 times a day 3. Give charity to the poor 4. Fast during the month of Ramadan 5. Hajj or pilgrimage to Mecca | 60 | |
| 286542322 | II-Khan | Middle East, converted o Islam and was attacked by fellow Mongols. Displaced by the Ottoman Turks. | 61 | |
| 286542323 | Ottomans | Turkic people who advanced from strongholds in Asia Minor during 1350s; conquered large part of Balkans; unified under Mehmed I; captured Constantinople in 1453; established empire from Balkans that included most of Arab world. | 62 | |
| 286542324 | Shari'a | the code of law derived from the Koran and from the teachings and example of Mohammed, body of Islamic law that includes interpretation of the Quran and applies Islamic principles to everyday life | 63 | |
| 286542325 | Sunni | A branch of Islam whose members acknowledge the first four caliphs as the rightful successors of Muhammad | 64 | |
| 286542326 | Ulama | the body of mullahs (Muslim scholars trained in Islam and Islamic law) who are the interpreters of Islam's sciences and doctrines and laws and the chief guarantors of continuity in the spiritual and intellectual history of the Islamic community | 65 | |
| 286542327 | Ummayad Empire | 1. made a hereditary line of succession 2. capital was moved to Damascus | 66 | |
| 286551443 | junk | any of various Chinese boats with a high poop and lugsails | 67 | |
| 286551444 | footbinding | practice in chinese society to mutilate women's feet in order to make them smaller; produced pain and restricted women's movement; made it easier to confine women to the household | 68 | |
| 286551445 | Jagadai Khanate | 1370-1405 Timur rose up and conquered central Asia, Persia, North India, Middle East also converted to Islam | 69 | |
| 286551446 | feudalism | A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land | 70 | |
| 286551447 | monasticism | a way of life in which men and women withdraw from the rest of the world in order to devote themselves to their faith | 71 | |
| 286551448 | Anasazi | a Native American who lived in what is now southern Colorado and Utah and northern Arizona and New Mexico and who built cliff dwellings | 72 | |
| 286551449 | Aztecs | (1200-1521) 1300, they settled in the valley of Mexico. Grew corn. Engaged in frequent warfare to conquer others of the region. Worshipped many gods (polytheistic). Believed the sun god needed human blood to continue his journeys across the sky. Practiced human sacrifices and those sacrificed were captured warriors from other tribes and those who volunteered for the honor. | 73 | |
| 286551450 | Inca | Largest and most powerful Andean empire. Controlled the Pacific coast of South America from Ecuador to Chile from its capital of Cuzco. | 74 | |
| 286551451 | Maya | Mesoamerican civilization concentrated in Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula and in Guatemala and Honduras but never unified into a single empire. Major contributions were in mathematics, astronomy, and development of the calendar. | 75 | |
| 286551452 | Teotihuacan | A powerful city-state in central Mexico (100-75 C.E.). Its population was about 150,000 at its peak in 600. | 76 | |
| 286551453 | Tenochtitlan | Capital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco. Its population was about 150,000 on the eve of Spanish conquest. Mexico City was constructed on its ruins. | 77 | |
| 286551454 | Toltecs | Nomadic peoples from beyond the northern frontier of sedentary agriculture in Mesoamerica; established capital at Tula after migration into central Mesoamerican plateau; strongly militaristic ethic, including cult of human sacrifice., Powerful postclassic empire in central Mexico (900-1168 C.E.). It influenced much of Mesoamerica. Aztecs claimed ties to this earlier civilization. | 78 | |
| 286551455 | Tribute system | A system in which defeated peoples were forced to pay a tax in the form of goods and labor. This forced transfer of food, cloth, and other goods subsidized the development of large cities. An important component of the Aztec and Inca economies. | 79 |
