5/10/2014
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| 1463878041 | Abstinence Violation Effect (AVE) | occurs when an individual, having made a personal commitment to abstain from using a substance or to cease engaging in unwanted behavior, has an initial lapse whereby the substance or behavior is engaged in at least once. - Some individuals may then proceed to uncontrolled use. | 1 | |
| 1463878043 | How does alcohol metabolize? | - The first step is the oxidation of ethanol to acetaldehyde catalyzed by alcohol dehydrogenase. - The acetaldehyde is further oxidized to acetic acid & finally CO2 & water through the citric acid cycle. - alcohol is detoxified and removed from the blood, preventing the alcohol from accumulating and destroying cells and organs. - A minute amount of alcohol escapes metabolism and is excreted unchanged in the breath and in urine. - Until all the alcohol consumed has been metabolized, it is distributed throughout the body, affecting the brain and other tissues. | 2 | |
| 1463878044 | the most abused substance by *women* | Alcohol | 3 | |
| 1463878045 | On average ___ milligram of Nicotine is absorbed in the bloodstream from smoking a cigarette | 1 | 4 | |
| 1463878046 | 4 categories of volatile substances? | - Volatile Solvents - Aerosols - Gases - Nitrites | 5 | |
| 1463878047 | Volatile Solvents | - liquid or semi-solid solvent that vaporizes at room temperature - depress central nervous system - glues, paint, petrol etc. | 6 | |
| 1463878048 | Aerosols | - contain volatile solvents and propellant gas - depress central nervous system - spray paints, deodorant, hair spray etc. | 7 | |
| 1463878049 | Gases | - depress central nervous system - butane, propane, anesthetics gases- nitrous oxide | 8 | |
| 1463878050 | Nitrites | - vasodilators and muscle relaxants - amyl, butyl | 9 | |
| 1463878051 | Toluene | The psychoactive water-insoluble chemical found in many commonly abused inhalants - glues, paints, thinners & nail polish - can cause heart arrhythmia & damage to kidneys & liver. | 10 | |
| 1463878052 | Toluene is a Volatile Solvent. True/False | true | 11 | |
| 1463878053 | What is the most abused illicit drug? | Marijuana | 12 | |
| 1463878054 | The most potent Cannabinoids? | Hashish - THC levels can be as high as 28% | 13 | |
| 1463878055 | Gateway Drugs | Substances that lead to the use of other stronger drugs | 14 | |
| 1463878056 | A typical progression of drug usage starts with cigarettes and_________ , and then marijuana before moving on to the stronger drugs. | alcohol | 15 | |
| 1463878057 | __________ is absorbed so well into mucous membranes that it *remains in use for surgery in the ear, nose, and throat regions*. | Cocaine - first used in psychiatry and as a local anesthetic. | 16 | |
| 1463878058 | ________________ studied the drug for its potential as a treatment for a variety of ailments including depression and morphine dependence. | Sigmund Freud | 17 | |
| 1463878059 | Some early medical applications used cocaine in eye surgery and _________. | dentistry | 18 | |
| 1463878060 | What form of cocaine is injected? | The powdered form is dissolved into water and injected. | 19 | |
| 1463878061 | Paranoid psychosis is? | a break with reality that includes extreme fear and anxiety associated with delusions. | 20 | |
| 1463878062 | What is a common feature of delusions? | Paranoia - in cases like persecutory delusions where people become convinced that they are under attack or someone is out to get them. | 21 | |
| 1463878063 | What is a *speedball*? | - aka power-balling is a term commonly referring to the hazardous intravenous use of cocaine with heroin or morphine in the same syringe. - can also be taken by insufflation (inhaling). | 22 | |
| 1463878064 | *Amphetamines* are used to treat? | narcolepsy and attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity (ADHD) | 23 | |
| 1463878066 | GABA neurotransmitter | - GABA: Referred to as nature's Valium-like substance. - If it is high or low, an excitatory neurotransmitter is firing too often in the brain. - GABA is released to balance this stimulating over-firing. -It is found the CNS & exerts generalized inhibitory functions. - Many sedative drugs enhance GABA inhibition & alcohol tends to have widespread inhibitory effects. | 24 | |
| 1463878067 | It is possible to estimate an individual's blood alcohol content (BAC) by knowing their _______, ______ & _______ of alcohol consumed. | weight, gender, amount | 25 | |
| 1463878068 | The average female has a _______ proportion of body fat & therefore, for a given weight has less volume in which to distribute the alcohol. | higher | 26 | |
| 1463878069 | For an average 100 pound female 1 can of beer would result in a BAC of .045 while a 100 pound male would achieve a BAC of ____. | .037 | 27 | |
| 1463878070 | what drug is most associated with violent crime? | Alcohol - homicide, assault, family violence and suicide | 28 | |
| 1463878072 | alcohol is involved in __________ of all suicides. | one third | 29 | |
| 1463878073 | 4 stages of alcohol withdrawal are? | - tremors - hallucinations - delusions - seizures. | 30 | |
| 1463878074 | Anxiety & Autonomic arousal occur _____ hours after consuming alcohol | 6 - 12 | 31 | |
| 1463878075 | Hallucinations occur ___ hours after consuming alcohol. | 24 | 32 | |
| 1463878076 | Seizures occur _____ hours after consuming alcohol. | 24 - 30 | 33 | |
| 1463878077 | Confusion & disorientation occurs _______ hours after the consumption of alcohol. | 48 - 72 | 34 | |
| 1463878078 | There is considerable evidence supporting the idea that some degree of vulnerability to alcohol dependence might be inherited. True or False? | True | 35 | |
| 1463878079 | Adopted ____ whose biological fathers were alcohol dependent have a much greater than average chance of becoming alcohol dependent than adopted sons of non-alcoholic fathers. | sons | 36 | |
| 1463878080 | The historical progression of tobacco use? | pipes, snuff, chewing, cigars, cigarettes. | 37 | |
| 1463878081 | Smoking tends to inhibit ______ contractions up to one hour. | hunger | 38 | |
| 1463878082 | What drug deadens the taste buds & causes a slight increase in blood sugar levels. | Nicotine | 39 | |
| 1463878083 | What drug affects the release of the neurotransmitter *dopamine* in the reward/pleasure pathways of the brain. | Nicotine | 40 | |
| 1463878084 | Two OTC smoking cessation aids are? | - nicotine gum - nicotine patches | 41 | |
| 1463878085 | Nicotine nasal spray, inhalers & Bupropion are smoking cessation aids which require a? | prescription | 42 | |
| 1463878087 | What is one of the *most popular* OTC drugs? | Aspirin - used for its analgesic, & anti-inflammatory effects. | 43 | |
| 1463878088 | Dietary Supplements are not regulated as OTC drugs. True or False? | True | 44 | |
| 1463878089 | 3 Drug Testing Methods? | - urine - hair - saliva | 45 | |
| 1463878090 | Abused substances or their metabolites can be detected in *urine* for up to? | 5 days | 46 | |
| 1463878091 | Abused substances or their metabolites can be detected in *saliva* for up to? | 1 day | 47 | |
| 1463878092 | Abused substances or their metabolites can be detected in *hair* for up to? | 90 days | 48 | |
| 1463878093 | Who is more likely to use illicit drugs? | American Indian / Alaska Natives | 49 | |
| 1463878094 | What % of *American Indian/Alaska Natives* report recent illicit drug use? | 12.1% | 50 | |
| 1463878095 | What % of *Blacks* report recent illicit drug use? | 8.7% | 51 | |
| 1463878096 | What % of *Whites* report recent illicit drug use? | 8.3% | 52 | |
| 1463878097 | What % of *Latinos* report recent illicit drug use? | 8% | 53 | |
| 1463878098 | Opioids | A group of analgesic, or painkilling, drugs that produce a relaxed, dream-like state. also known as narcotics. Examples: Opium, Morphine, Codeine, Heroine, Methadone, Demerol, Dilaudid, Fentanyl, Percodan, & Talwin | 54 | |
| 1463878099 | Medical Uses of Opioids | Analgesic, anti-diarrheal, anti-tussives, addict maintenance | 55 | |
| 1463878100 | Effects of Opioids on the body | Euphoria, drowsiness, slowed respiration, nausea | 56 | |
| 1463878101 | Effects of Opioids Overdose | Slow & shallow breathing, clammy skin, constricted pupils, coma, possible death | 57 | |
| 1463878102 | Withdrawal Symptoms of Opioids | Watery eyes, runny nose, yawning, loss of appetite, tremors, panic, chills & sweating, cramps, nausea Other Opioids include | 58 | |
| 1463878103 | Most common antidepressants | Used to treat symptoms of depression or anxiety disorders by slowing the removal of certain chemicals from the brain. | 59 | |
| 1463878104 | *Tricyclics* are used to treat? | chronic pain disorders | 60 | |
| 1463878105 | (MAOI) Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors | The first group of antidepressant drugs - replaced by SSRIs | 61 | |
| 1463878106 | (SSRI) Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors | most common antidepressants - Fluoxetine (Prozac), Paroxetine (Paxil), & Sertraline (Zoloft) | 62 | |
| 1463878107 | The effects of long-term antipsychotic drug usage? | Tardive Dyskinesia - indicated by involuntary twitching movements of the arms, lips, & tongue. - more likely with conventional antipsychotic drugs versus the atypical variety. | 63 | |
| 1463878108 | Historically, as *cocaine use declined*, amphetamine use _________. | increased | 64 | |
| 1463878109 | Who is more likely to smoke? | Men are 5 times more likely to smoke than women. - The gender gap declines with younger age. | 65 | |
| 1463878110 | About ___% of teens smoke. | 20 | 66 | |
| 1463878111 | St. Johns Wort | - aromatic perennial herb ((Hypericum Perforatum). - active compound, Hypericin, has anti-bacterial & anti-inflammatory activity. - Hypericin has monoamine Oxidase (MAO) inhibiting activity, mimicking the action of antidepressant agents. | 67 | |
| 1463878112 | Kava Kava | - A natural sedative and sleep enhancement. - It is traditionally used as a remedy for nervousness and insomnia. - induce a feeling of relaxation, peace and contentment, along with a sharpening of the senses. - promotes deep and restful sleep. - also a muscle relaxant that can help relieve cramping due to spasms. | 68 | |
| 1463878113 | Harrison Act of 1914 | - criminalizes the non-medical use of drugs. - applied to opium, morphine & its derivatives, coca leaves, (cocaine) & its derivatives. - amphetamines, barbiturates, marijuana, hashish, hallucinogenics were NOT mentioned. | 69 | |
| 1463878114 | The Harrison Tax Act | - based & built upon Harrison act of 1914. - were two taxes. --- One was a tax to be paid by doctors at one dollar per year, & the doctors who would pay the tax, were able to legally prescribe these drugs from the Government as long as they followed the regulations of the statute. --- The second tax was a thousand dollars for every non-medical exchange of these drugs. | 70 | |
| 1463878115 | Phencyclidine (PCP), aka"Angel Dust' | - used as anesthetics/numbing agents - Phencyclidine (PCP) was originally used as a surgical anesthetic. | 71 | |
| 1463878116 | Haldol, aka Haloperidol | - an antipsychotic medication used for treating psychotic disorders including Tourette's syndrome. - blocks dopamine & serotonin type 2 receptors for the neurotransmitters on the nerves. | 72 | |
| 1463878117 | What % of people are addicted to Marijuana? | 10% - it is less addictive then caffeine. - It has no addictive chemicals in it | 73 | |
| 1463878118 | ___% of alcohol consumers & ___% of tobacco smokers exhibit symptoms of drug dependence. | 15, 32 | 74 | |
| 1463878119 | Does the DSM recognize marijuana as having withdrawal symptoms? | No! It does not recognize marijuana withdrawal as a diagnostic category. | 75 | |
| 1463878122 | The drug *Thorazine* introduced in 1950s | changed the face of inpatient mental health to where it was the last decade inpatient hospitals saw a rise in psych patients | 76 | |
| 1463878123 | *Chlorpromazine* is marketed in US under the brand name? | Thorazine. - It is phenothiazine antipsychotic drug synthesized Dec.11, 1950. | 77 | |
| 1463878124 | the first drug developed with a specific antipsychotic action? | Chlorpromazine - Its discovery brought an end to the old therapies used for the treatment of mental ailments such as electro and insulin shocks and psychosurgical. | 78 | |
| 1463878125 | What are *benzodiazepines* used for? | - Used for muscle relaxants, sleeping pills, treatment for convulsive disorders, & preoperative anesthesia. - Long-acting barbiturates or benzodiazepines prevent Alcohol withdrawal symptoms. Examples: Phenobarbital, chlordiazepoxide (Librium), & diazepam (Valium) | 79 | |
| 1463878126 | Disease model relating to AA and alcohol states? | that alcoholism is a progressive illness that cannot be cured, but can be arrested through total abstinence. | 80 | |
| 1463878127 | Alcoholics Anonymous began to have a major influence in the _____________. | 1940s & 1950s | 81 | |
| 1463878128 | the idea that alcohol dependence is a disease goes back at least to the ______. | 1700s | 82 | |
| 1463878129 | By adding barley malt to cereal grains, the barley & grains are malted (starch is changed to sugar & then Hops are added with yeast to give beer its _______. | flavor | 83 | |
| 1463878130 | The alcohol content of most *beer* is around ___%. | 4 | 84 | |
| 1463878131 | The alcohol content of most *wine* is over ___%. | 11 | 85 | |
| 1463878132 | Abstinence syndrome | - Physiologic changes undergone when the drug use is abruptly stopped. - The intensity varies with the drug or chemical. Generally, the effects observed are in an opposite direction from those produced by the drug. - Onset time & severity of the syndrome depend on the rate at which the drug disappears from the body. | 86 | |
| 1463878133 | The withdrawal syndrome from CNS depressants (barbiturates) consists of? | insomnia, restlessness, tremulousness, hallucinations, and, in the extreme, potentially fatal tonic-clonic convulsions. | 87 | |
| 1463878134 | Tolerance | Repeated use of the same dose resulting in diminished effects. | 88 | |
| 1463878135 | The 3 types are drug tolerance? | disposition behavioral pharmacodynamics | 89 | |
| 1463878136 | Disposition Tolerance | caused by more rapid elimination of the drug. | 90 | |
| 1463878137 | Behavioral Tolerance | caused by learned adaptation of the drug. | 91 | |
| 1463878138 | Pharmacodynamics Tolerance | caused by altered nervous system sensitivity. | 92 | |
| 1463878139 | Dose response | The change in effect on the body caused by differing levels of exposure to a stressor after a certain exposure time. - Studying this, & developing dose response models, is central to determining "safe" & "hazardous" levels & dosages for drugs. | 93 | |
| 1463878140 | Potency | The amount of drug that must be given to obtain a particular response. - The smaller the amount needed to get a particular effect, the more potent the drug. | 94 | |
| 1463878141 | The most potent psychoactive drugs? | LSD - potency is many thousands of times smaller than that of other psychoactive drugs. | 95 | |
| 1463878142 | Psychological dependence | - is mental, it involves a strong desire to use the drug or experience its effects. - dependence on a psychoactive substance for the reinforcement it provides. | 96 | |
| 1463878143 | Physical dependence | - there's an actual need to take the drug to avoid physical symptoms. - a state resulting from chronic use of a drug that has produced tolerance and where negative physical symptoms of withdrawal result from abrupt discontinuation or dosage reduction. - Addiction is a physiological "craving" for something | 97 | |
| 1463878144 | What is the *worst* symptom of alcohol withdrawal? | DT | 98 | |
| 1463878146 | Narcan (aka Naloxone or Nalorphine) | - Reverses effects that are produced by narcotic drugs such as difficult breathing and coma. - Narcotics may be used during surgery to help produce anesthesia and relieve pain, and naloxone can reverse these effects after surgery. | 99 | |
| 1463878147 | Naloxone | used to treat cases of narcotic drug overdose. | 100 | |
| 1463878148 | Toluene | Lipid Soluble and is a large molecule. | 101 | |
| 1463878149 | Alcohol Proof | - a measure of how much alcohol (ethanol) is contained in an alcoholic beverage - Percentage of alcohol by volume x2. --- example, 70 proof whiskey is 35% alcohol. | 102 | |
| 1463878152 | A number of metabolic effects from alcohol are directly linked to the production of an excess of both? | NADH & acetaldehyde | 103 | |
| 1463878153 | The metabolism of alcohol by the liver occurs at a constant rate *not* influenced by body size. True or False? | True - The amount of alcohol metabolized by the liver is about 0.25 to 0.30 ounces per hour. | 104 | |
| 1463878154 | Why is inhalant abuse so hard to control? | Because inhalants are available everywhere | 105 | |
| 1463878155 | What drug *causes the most deaths*? | Nicotine | 106 | |
| 1463878156 | Cannabis withdrawal symptoms? | irritability, restlessness, decreased appetite, weight loss & abnormal sleep | 107 | |
| 1463878157 | Glucosamine & Chondroitin? | Herbal dietary supplements that contribute to joint strength and are used to relieve the discomfort of arthritis. | 108 | |
| 1463878161 | D-Lysergic Acid Diethylamide is a synthetic substance & is the most potent | - hallucinogens. - It is synthesized from ergot fungus which grows on grain | 109 | |
| 1463878162 | LSD was popularized by the drug culture in the | 1960s | 110 | |
| 1463878163 | Timothy Leary | - well-known psychologist & proponent for the use of LSD in the 1960s. | 111 | |
| 1463878164 | League of Spiritual Discovery | In 1966, Timothy Leary started a religion with LSD as the sacrament. | 112 | |
| 1463878165 | An interesting effect of LSD use is | *Synesthesia* - a "mixing of senses." - examples: Seeing sounds & hearing colors | 113 | |
| 1463878166 | The *physiological* effects of (LSD)? | increase in body temperature, heart rate & blood pressure, sweating & dilation of eye pupils. | 114 | |
| 1463878167 | How long does it takes for lithium to reach effective levels in treatment of schizophrenia? | 10-15 days (few weeks) | 115 | |
| 1463878168 | Percent of adults in the US who have used heroin? | 1.6% - 0.1% reporting use in the past year | 116 | |
| 1463878169 | Time after ingesting THC pill to reach full effect? | feel the effects of Marinol in about 45-60 minutes. | 117 | |
| 1463878170 | Number of days to build tolerance to LSD if taken daily? | less than 24 hours. - Waiting roughly 3-5 days will return tolerance to normal levels | 118 | |
| 1463878172 | Naltrexone | A non-addictive substance, used in the treatment of heroin addiction & opiate overdose. - The opioid antagonist selectively blocks opioid effects, preventing the user from experiencing the reinforcing effects of the abused drug. | 119 | |
| 1463878173 | Free Base | The base form of cocaine, as opposed to the salt form of cocaine hydrochloride. - It involved extracting cocaine into a volatile organic solvent, such as ether. - very dangerous because the combination of fire and ether fumes is extremely explosive. - is preferred by many users because the cocaine is absorbed immediately into blood via the lungs, reaching the brain in about five seconds. | 120 | |
| 1463878174 | Prior to the 1980s, freebase was a popular way to smoke _________? | cocaine | 121 | |
| 1463878175 | Crack is obtained by mixing cocaine with? | simple household chemicals - baking soda and water, and then drying it, resulting in a lump | 122 | |
| 1463878176 | Barbiturates | are CNS depressants of varying strength. - act on the inhibitory receptor GABA. - Indications for barbiturates: anesthesia & anticonvulsant. | 123 | |
| 1463878178 | Benzodiazepines | are minor tranquilizers - act on the inhibitory receptor GABA - Indications for benzodiazepines: anti-anxiety, muscle relaxant, sleep aid, anticonvulsant, premedication for surgery sedative, Alcohol withdrawal, treatment of mania, & Veterinary uses. | 124 | |
| 1463878179 | the most widely prescribed types of Sedative-Hypnotics? | Benzodiazepines - In 2003, 4 of the top 40 bestselling prescription drugs were benzodiazepines. - They are the most frequently prescribed CNS depressants for anxiety & sleep. | 125 | |
| 1463878181 | The symptoms for withdrawal from any sedative hypnotic are similar to symptoms for alcohol withdrawal. These symptoms include? | anxiety, insomnia, tremulousness, weakness, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, convulsions, delusions, visual & auditory hallucinations | 126 | |
| 1463878183 | what is a tranquilizer? | Antipsychotic drugs used to treat psychosis without producing drowsiness. - aka neuroleptics. | 127 | |
| 1463878185 | Phenothiazine | Groups of tranquilizing drugs used to treat the symptoms associated with psychosis. - They block D2 Dopamine receptors. - Examples include: chlorpromazine(brand name: Thorazine) | 128 | |
| 1463878187 | *Psychotic symptoms*? | delusions, hallucinations, thought disorders, agitation, & violent behavior. | 129 | |
| 1463878189 | Studies show that ___% of patients suffering from acute schizophrenia showed improvement after receiving phenothiazine compared with 23% who received placebos. | 75 | 130 | |
| 1463878191 | Reinforcing drugs | Drugs that reinforce their use by stimulating dopamine neurons in the Mesolimbic system. - Nicotine is a reinforcing drug. | 131 | |
| 1463878193 | The Mesolimbic system | the primary component responsible for the "reward" properties of electrical stimulation of the midbrain or limbic system. - Drugs lead to dependence because they stimulate this reward system. | 132 | |
| 1463878198 | If the supply of the drug is abruptly cut off the result is | physical withdrawal symptoms - wakefulness, nervousness, hallucinations, seizures etc. | 133 | |
| 1463878200 | nicotine is a mild __________ , but it also has relaxant properties. | stimulant | 134 | |
| 1463878201 | smoking during pregnancy causes? | low birth weight | 135 | |
| 1463878202 | when using snuff or chewing tobacco, nicotine is absorbed through the? | mucous lining of the mouth | 136 | |
| 1463878203 | Nicotine patches are also known as? | transdermal | 137 | |
| 1463878205 | 90% of former smokers, report that they quit smoking without? | formal treatment programs | 138 | |
| 1463878207 | Benzodiazepines are classified by? | duration of action | 139 | |
| 1463878208 | withdrawal symptoms are more likely to develop with drugs that leave the system quickly. True or False? | True | 140 | |
| 1463878210 | *Lunesta* is the only drug approved by FDA for long term use in treating? | insomnia | 141 | |
| 1463878212 | the opium plant contains both | morphine and codeine | 142 | |
| 1463878214 | excessive use of either cocaine or amphetamine can result in? | Paranoid psychosis | 143 | |
| 1463878219 | Cocaine use has *declined*, meth has _________? | increased | 144 | |
| 1463878221 | *Nitrous oxide*, known as laughing gas. Has stimulant, hallucinogenic & ___________ effects. | depressant | 145 | |
| 1463878224 | uses for nitrous oxide? | a gaseous anesthetic in medicine. - also a propellant in whipped cream dispensers | 146 | |
| 1463878226 | Which drugs are more likely to produce *psychological* dependence? | rapid onset drugs | 147 | |
| 1463878228 | Cannabis is Schedule? | S1 | 148 | |
| 1463878230 | Heroine is Schedule? | S1 | 149 | |
| 1463878232 | Cocaine is Schedule? | S2 | 150 | |
| 1463878234 | What drug is used to help stop smoking? | Bupropion - an antidepressant used to reduce withdrawal symptoms & is prescribed for 7 to 12 weeks. | 151 | |
| 1463878236 | What drug is used in conjunction with heroine recovery? | Opiate antagonist drugs, such as methadone or Clonidine blocks some withdrawal symptoms. - They act like heroin, but do not provide the same high & are administered in gradually decreasing doses. | 152 | |
| 1463878242 | Congestion Rebound | Occurs after using a nasal spray regularly for longer than the recommended period. - tissues no longer respond & the sinus passages become almost completely obstructed | 153 | |
| 1463878244 | FDA has approved THC for treating? | nausea in cancer patients | 154 | |
| 1463878246 | What does the DSM do? | The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) published by the American Psychiatric Association provides a common language and standard criteria for the classification of mental disorders | 155 | |
| 1463878248 | The most dangerous form of alcohol withdrawal is DTs, and occurs in about 1 out of every ___ people who have withdrawal symptoms. | 20 | 156 | |
| 1463878251 | What is DTs (delirium tremens)? | the brain is not able to smoothly readjust its chemistry after alcohol is stopped. - creates a state of temporary confusion and leads to dangerous changes in the way your brain regulates your circulation and breathing. - heart rate or blood pressure can change dramatically or unpredictably, creating a risk of heart attack, stroke or death. | 157 | |
| 1463878253 | What drug comes from a cactus that is used by Native Americans for ceremonies? | peyote | 158 | |
| 1463878254 | Psychotherapeutic drugs | - prescribed by doctors and psychiatrists to control mental problems. - used therapeutically to treat schizophrenia and other major psychotic disorders. - Haloperidol and Clozapine calm psychotic patients and help them control hallucinations and illogical thoughts. - Antidepressants such as Fluoxetine (Prozac) have no perceptible CNS effects in healthy people, but effectively alleviate depression in many depressives. | 159 | |
| 1463878255 | Cosmetic act | To increase drug safety | 160 | |
| 1463878256 | Fermentation | The process by which sugar is converted into alcohol through the biochemical action of yeast. - forms the basis for all alcoholic beverages. - Fruits & grains are fermented to create beverages which include beer & wine. - the alcohol concentration is limited to 15%. - | 161 | |
| 1463878257 | Fermented beverages have existed since approximately? | 6400BC | 162 | |
| 1463878258 | Cocaine is extensively metabolized, primarily in the _______, with only about 1% excreted unchanged in the urine. | liver - metabolism is dominated by hydrolytic ester cleavage, so the eliminated metabolites consist mostly of benzoylecgonine (BE), the major metabolite, and other significant metabolites in lesser amounts such as ecgonine methyl ester (EME) and ecgonine. | 163 | |
| 1463878259 | Methadone | a synthetic opioid, used medically as an analgesic and a maintenance anti-addictive and reductive preparation for use by patients with opioid dependency | 164 | |
| 1463878260 | Rohypnol, aka Flunitrazepam | a potent hypnotic, sedative, anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, amnestic, and skeletal muscle relaxant drug. - An intermediate acting benzodiazepine, flunitrazepam is prescribed for the treatment of severe insomnia. | 165 | |
| 1463878261 | Ketamine, aka SPECIAL K | hallucinogen pain-killing drug. - effects similar to PCP & is commonly used in veterinary anesthetic. | 166 | |
| 1463878262 | Precursors | The raw materials that neurotransmitters are made from. - circulating in the blood supply & in the brain. | 167 | |
| 1463878263 | Therapeutic Index | The TI is the ratio of LD50 to ED50 which is one indication of the relative safety of a drug for a particular use or effect. - It consists of two parts: --- LD50 indicates the *lethal dose* for 50 percent of test animals. --- ED50 is the *effective dose* for 50 percent of test animals. | 168 | |
| 1463878264 | Serotonin | Adequate amounts of serotonin are necessary for a stable mood & to balance any excessive excitatory neurotransmitter firing in the brain. - regulates other processes such as carb cravings, sleep cycle, pain control & appropriate digestion. | 169 | |
| 1463878265 | Stimulants can cause a __________ of serotonin over time. | depletion | 170 | |
| 1463878266 | Low serotonin levels are associated with? | decreased immune system function, aggression, regulation of body weight, depression, suicide & excessive alcohol consumption. | 171 | |
| 1463878267 | Cross tolerance | When tolerance to one drug reduces the effectiveness of each of the others. - exists among all the Opioids. - repeated use results in decreased effect, which makes it necessary to increase the dose to achieve the same effect. | 172 | |
| 1463878268 | What does Clozapine do? | inhibits white blood cells | 173 |
