Terms : Hide Images
| 114056744 | synogogue | a place for worship for Jewish faith | |
| 114056745 | tanakh | acronym derived from the inital consonants of the three sectins into which the Scriptures are divided: Torah, Nevi'im, and Kethuvim | |
| 114056746 | pharisees | they were the most influential religious sect during the lifetime of Jesus. as well-educated religious leaders, they focused on keeping the Jews faithful to the law. they also acknowledged the oral traditions of the elders | |
| 114056747 | rabbinic Judaism | (JUDAISM), Main form of Judaism, which emerged during the first century AD under the leadership of the rabbis; clarified Jewish practice, elevated the oral law to equal authority with the written Torah and enabled Judaism to evolve flexibly | |
| 114056748 | torah | "the law" of the Jewish faith; first five books of the Hebrew Bible | |
| 114056749 | talmud | the collection of ancient rabbinic writings on Jewish law and tradition (the Mishna and the Gemara) that constitute the basis of religious authority in Orthodox Judaism | |
| 114056750 | Dual Torah | a creation of the rabbis during the Rabbinic Period. This belief is that God gave two Torahs at Mt. Sinai. The first one--the Written Torah--was in written form and is essentially the first five books of the Hebrew Bible the written Torah (Tanak). The second one--the Oral Torah-was passed down through the centuries from teacher to disciple. Eventually it was written down and incorporated into the Talmud. | |
| 114056751 | mishnah | Written down in about 200 C.E., but contains collected teachings of the rabbis of the preceding four centuries; along with the Talmud, it is the most important text of the oral Torah. | |
| 114056752 | zionism | a policy for establishing and developing a national homeland for Jews in Palestine | |
| 114056753 | gemara | the second part of the Talmud consisting primarily of commentary on the Mishna | |
| 114056754 | Holocaust | A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. It called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled. Literally means: Burnt offering | |
| 114056755 | shoah | Hebrew word meaning "devastation". Term used for the Holocaust | |
| 114056756 | ghetto | During the middle Ages, a neighborhood in a city set up by law to be inhabited only by Jews; now used to denote a section of a city in which members of any minority group live because of social, legal, or economic pressure. | |
| 114056757 | pgrom | violent mob attacks on Jewish people | |
| 114056758 | marranos | Spanish Jews who converted to Christianity rather than be expelled(1492). Their conversion was often questioned and they were tested-forced to eat pork, etc. They were often persecuted by Inquisition. Over 200,000 Jews left Spain. | |
| 114056759 | zohar | Canonical text of Kabbalah; takes the form of a sprawling compendium of mystical commentaries on the Hebrew Bible and other sacred texts. | |
| 114056760 | Haskalah | (lit. "the Enlightenment"); (a) the movement founded in the late 18th century by Moses Mendelssohn to restudy the Torah in the light of modern secular knowledge; (b) later offshoots of this movement | |
| 114056761 | Reform Judaism | An important movement in Judaism that first developed in German in the late 19th century; premised on the notion that the conventional rituals and laws of Judaism need to be adjusted and transformed in accordance with changing (modern) times and social conditions. | |
| 114056762 | orthodox Judaism | Traditional form of Juddaism which adheres to Ribbinical interpretation of Jewish law and its traditional observations. | |
| 114056763 | Conservative Judaism | Jews who keep some of the requirements of the Mosaic Law but allow for adaptation of other requirements (as some of the dietary laws) to fit modern circumstances | |
| 114056764 | Orthopraxy | ("right behavior or practice"). Unlike "orthodoxy" (right belief), this term emphasizes conduct, both ethical and liturgical. | |
| 114056765 | Orthodoxy | Acceptance of the common faith. | |
| 114056766 | Jewish Socialism | secular form of Judaism that emphasized a paradise of global, classless society, in which suffering and injustice (including anti-semitism) would be overcome. | |
| 114056767 | yiddish | A language historically spoken by Jews of Central/Eastern Europe (and still spoken today) that combines German with elements of Hebrew, Russian, Polish and other languages. | |
| 114056768 | Gospels | four books in the New Testament that tell the story of Christ's life and teachings | |
| 114056769 | Ressurrection | Rising from the dead, The bodily rising of Jesus from the dead, as he had foretold, on the third day after his Death on the Cross and burial in the tomb. By virtue of his Resurrection, Christians have the hope of resurrection with Christ on the last day. | |
| 114056770 | Nazarenes | followers of Jesus of Nazareth, called Christians in Antioch, where the name stuck | |
| 114056771 | New Testament | the collection of the books of the Bible that were produced by the early Christian church, comprising the Gospels, Acts of the Apostles, the Epistles, and the Revelation of St. John the Divine | |
| 114056772 | supersession | act of replacing one person or thing by another especially one held to be superior | |
| 114056773 | christology | a religious doctrine or theory based on Jesus or Jesus' teachings | |
| 114056774 | Nicene Creed | The summary of Chritian beliefs developed by the bishops at the firt 2 councils of the church in 325 A.D.s the main truths of the catholic faith. | |
| 114056775 | Confessions | Carefully organized, written statements of doctrine approved by the church | |
| 114056776 | Crusades | a series of military expeditions in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries by Westrn European Christians to reclain control of the Holy Lands from the Muslims | |
| 114056777 | Reformation | a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches | |
| 114056778 | "Justification by Faith Alone" | Luther's belief that people were possessed by the grace of God to do good works | |
| 114056779 | "Sola Scriptura" | "Scripture alone." It is the belief that all man needs for salvation is the Bible. This is a tenet for most Protestants. | |
| 114056780 | Covenant | (Bible) an agreement between God and his people in which God makes certain promises and requires certain behavior from them in return | |
| 114056781 | Exodus | the second book of the Old Testament: tells of the departure of the Israelites out of slavery in Egypt led by Moses | |
| 114056782 | Prophets | persons who have a close relationship with God and communicate a divine message | |
| 114056783 | Monotheism | belief in a single God | |
| 114056784 | Henotheism | worship of one god but does not deny the evidence of other gods | |
| 114056785 | Messiah | a savior sent by God to redeem people from the power of sin and everlasting death and to restore them to God's friendship | |
| 114056786 | Diaspora | A Greek word meaning 'dispersal,' used to describe the communities of a given ethnic group living outside their homeland. Jews, for example, spread from Israel to western Asia and Mediterranean lands in antiquity and today can be found in other places.103 | |
| 114056787 | "Sola Fide" | By faith alone. The grace of God as the only ground of salvation through faith in Jesus Christ. | |
| 114056788 | 30 Years' War | 1618-1648, Initially the war was fought largely as a religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire, although disputes over the internal politics and balance of power within the Empire played a significant part. | |
| 114056789 | "Whose Realm, His Religion" | compromise for monarchs to determine governing religion | |
| 114056790 | Deism | The religion of the Enlightenment (1700s). Followers believed that God existed and had created the world, but that afterwards He left it to run by its own natural laws. Denied that God communicated to man or in any way influenced his life. | |
| 114056791 | Pietism | This was a movement within Lutheranism that revived Protestantism that called for an emotional relationship, allowed for the priesthood of all believers, and the Christian rebirth in everyday affairs | |
| 114056792 | Existentialism | a philosophy based on the idea that people give meaning to their lives through their choices and actions | |
| 114056793 | Fundamentalists | a Protestant religious movement grounded in the belief that all the stories and details in the Bible are literally true | |
| 114056794 | Vatican II | 1962-65. Open the windows and doors of the church and let modernity flow in. Acknowledged mistakes in the past and the relationship with Jews. Addressed the problem of atheism and how to bring people back to church. | |
| 114056795 | "Kingdom of God" | the domain over which God is spiritually sovereign | |
| 114056796 | Holy Spirit | God's Spirit, whom Jesus sends to help people. The Holy Spirit is God in invisible form. Third part of the Trinity | |
| 114056797 | Christ | a title given to Jesus that means "anointed one" | |
| 114056798 | Old Testament | the first part of the Christian Bible, corresponding to the Jewish Bible | |
| 114056799 | Heresy | a belief that rejects the orthodox tenets of a religion | |
| 114056800 | Trinity | the mystery of one God in three Persons: Father, Son, and Holy Spirit | |
| 114056801 | Edict of Milan | 313 CE Constantine makes Christianity the primary religion of the Roman Empire | |
| 114056802 | "City of God" | year 410. created by Saint Augustine. the worldly cirt could never be the central concern of Christians. misfortunes of Rome shouldn't distress b/c true Christian were citizens of heavenly city that endures forever. what really mattered was the individuals entrance into heaven or hell. | |
| 114056803 | Summa Theologiae | principal work written by Thomas Aquinas, a Dominican friar. summarized Christian thought at that time. It examined each point of Church doctrine and tried to show that it could be arrived at by logic or reason as well as by faith. Today forms one of the bases for the teaching of theology in Roman Catholic schools. | |
| 114056804 | Renaissance | The great period of rebirth in art, literature, and learning in the 14th-16th centuries, which marked the transition into the modern periods of European history | |
| 114056805 | 95 Theses | written by Martin Luther and is widely regarded as the primary catalyst for the Protestant Reformation. It is vitally important to understand that these theses were used for the intent of displaying Luther's displeasure with the Church's indulgences | |
| 114056806 | Sola Gratia | "by grace alone" ---- A motto of the Protestant Reformation and one of the five solas, referring to the Protestant claim that salvation is an unearned gift (cf. ex gratia), not a direct result of merit. | |
| 114056807 | Council of Trent | Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend. | |
| 114056808 | Peace of Westphalia | Peace negotiated in 1648 to end the Thirty Years' War, Europe's most destructive internal struggle over religion. The treaties contained new language recognizing statehood and nationhood, clearly defined borders, and guarantees of security | |
| 114056809 | The Enlightenment | a philosophical movement of the 18th century, characterized by belief in the power of human reason and by innovations in political, religious, and educational doctrine. | |
| 114056810 | Biblical Criticism | Study of biblical texts using specified methods in an effort to make sound scholarly judgments about these texts and their meanings; from the Greek krino, to judge. Terms like "text criticism," "literary criticism," and "canonical criticism" each refer to a particular focus and method of biblical criticism. | |
| 114056811 | Romanticism | was a reaction to the classicism of the early 18th century favored feeling over reason and placed great emphasis on the subjective or personal experience of the individual. Nature was also a major theme. | |
| 114056812 | Modernists | took a step away from fundamentalists and claimed that the Bible was a collection of moral stories rather than completely factual | |
| 114056813 | The Fundamentals | 12 paperback booklets published by American fundamentalist in early 20th century as a response to protestant liberalism which five Christian fundamentals were listed: biblical inerrancy, virgin birth of Christ, substitutionary atonement, resurrection of Christ, and second coming of Christ. | |
| 114056814 | Islam | the monotheistic religion of Muslims founded in Arabia in the 7th century and based on the teachings of Muhammad as laid down in the Koran | |
| 114056815 | Jahiliyya | The time of Ignorance and polytheism before Muhammad received the revelation of Allah. | |
| 114056816 | Mecca | the holiest city of Islam; Muhammad's birthplace | |
| 114056817 | Hijra | the flight of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina to escape persecution a.d. 622: regarded as the beginning of the Muslim Era. | |
| 114056818 | Ummah | the worldwide community of Muslim believers | |
| 114056819 | Five Pillars of Islam | the basic duties of Islam, including belief in Allah and Muhammad the prophet, prayer, charity or almsgiving, fasting, and pilgrimage to Mecca | |
| 114056820 | Zakat | the fourth pillar of Islam is almsgiving as an act of worship | |
| 114056821 | Mosque | (Islam) a Muslim place of worship | |
| 114056822 | Ramadan | the ninth month of the Islamic calendar | |
| 114056823 | Hajj | the fifth pillar of Islam is a pilgrimage to Mecca during the month of Dhu al-Qadah | |
| 114056824 | Sunni | A branch of Islam whose members acknowledge the first four caliphs as the rightful successors of Muhammad | |
| 114056825 | Dhimmis | a term meaning "protected peoples"; they included Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians. (People of the Book) | |
| 114056826 | Ulama | Muslim religious scholars. From the ninth century onward, the primary interpreters of Islamic law and the social core of Muslim urban societies. (p. 238) | |
| 114056827 | Qiyas | means "analogy"; it is a means of determining shari'ah based on analogies drawn between the situation in the Qur'an and the present; these analogies are drawn by the ulama | |
| 114056828 | Hadith | (Islam) the way of life prescribed as normative for Muslims on the basis of the teachings and practices of Muhammad and interpretations of the Koran | |
| 114056829 | Ijtihad | the endeavor of a Moslem scholar to derive a rule of divine law from the Koran and Hadith without relying on the views of other scholars | |
| 114056830 | Jihad | a doctrine within Islam. Commonly translated as "Holy War," Jihad represents either a personal or collective struggle on the part of Muslims to live up the religious standards set by the Qu'ran. | |
| 114056831 | Kaaba | arabic for "square building", this large black stone is the main focus of the pilgrimage to Mecca, which every Muslim is required to take at least once in his lifetime. | |
| 114056832 | Night of Power and Excellence | in 610 begins Muhammad's career as a prophet | |
| 114056833 | Medina | City in western Arabia to which the Prophet Muhammad and his followers emigrated in 622 to escape persecution in Mecca. (p. 231) | |
| 114056834 | Battle of Badr | 624; muslim victory because of divine intervention; muslims vs. meccans; showed the muslims that they might be able to defeat the meccans and signaled the muslims' new strength; muhammad's victory confirmed his authority as the leader of islam | |
| 114056835 | Surahs | 114 chapters of Islam. first is a short prayer and the remaining are in descending order of length. | |
| 114056836 | Shahadah | the central Muslim expression of faith: "There is no god but God," and Muhammad is the messenger of God | |
| 114056837 | Tawhid | The oneness of Allah | |
| 114056838 | Imam | the man who leads prayers in a mosque | |
| 114056839 | Id al Fitr | Central religious feast ending Ramadan | |
| 114056840 | Caliph | the civil and religious leader of a Muslim state considered to be a representative of Allah on earth | |
| 114056841 | Shiah | A member of the branch of Islam that supports the descendants of Muhammad as his rightful successors. | |
| 114056842 | People of the Book | the name for Jews and Christians for whom the Muslims had religious tolerance; called this because each religion had a holy book with teachings similar to that of the Qur'an | |
| 114056843 | Sufism | An Islamic mystical tradition that desired a personal union with God--divine love through intuition rather than through rational deduction and study of the shari'a. Followed an ascetic routine (denial of physical desire to gain a spiritual goal), dedicating themselves to fasting, prayer, meditation on the Qur'an, and the avoidance of sin. | |
| 114056844 | Ijma | consensus of legal scholars as a method of defining law: Not all schools agree on its validity. | |
| 114056845 | Fatwas | religious declarations to guide Muslims | |
| 114056846 | Islamism | a fundamentalist Islamic revivalist movement generally characterized by moral conservatism and the literal interpretation of the Koran and the attempt to implement Islamic values in all aspects of life | |
| 114056847 | Abraham | The founding father of Judaism; first prophet of Christianity, Islam, and the Hebrews | |
| 114056848 | Moses | (Old Testament) the Hebrew prophet who led the Israelites from Egypt across the Red sea on a journey known as the Exodus | |
| 114056849 | Rashi | is an acronym for Rabbi Solomon Isaac, the great French Rabbi who commented on the Bible and most of the Talmud. | |
| 114056850 | Maimonides | Jewish philosopher, tried to synthesize Aristotle and Judaism, influenced both Jewish and Christian thought, wrote "Commentary on the Mishna", "Mishneh Torah" | |
| 114056851 | Moses Mendelssohn | Rewrote the torah in German transliteration. He advocated entering German culture while keeping Jewish law. He was orthodox but had a few reform principles. | |
| 114056852 | Samson Hirsch | (1808-1888) leader of the Jewish Neo-orthodox movement; though he was not a Talmud scholar, and wrote in German, he wrote "the 19 Letters on Judaism". He believed that the Torah was a product of divine revelation, which was not changeable, and held organic unity. Believed genuine happiness was found in divine service to God and that fidelity to Halakah law could be combined with cultural assimilaion | |
| 114056853 | Theodor Herzl | German Jewish Politician who advocated the policy of Zionism and the creation of a nation state for all Jewish people. | |
| 114056854 | Jesus of Nazareth | a teacher and prophet born in bethlehem and active in nazareth; his life and sermons form the basis for christianity | |
| 114056855 | 12 disciples | Jesus' 12 followers, one (Judas) betrayed him | |
| 114056856 | Apostles | closet disciples to Jesus, the most well known are Peter, James, John, Andrew, and Judas Iscariot | |
| 114056857 | Gentiles | the name given to foreign people by the Jews after the Exile. They were nonbelievers who worshiped false gods. | |
| 114056858 | Apostle Peter | first pope/bishop of rome, created petrine doctrine | |
| 114056859 | Apostle Paul | highly educated jewish roman citizen, founded christian communities throughout asia minor and aegean sea coast | |
| 114056882 | Constantine | Roman emperor who founded Constantinople as the new eastern capital of the Roman empire. | |
| 114056883 | Cappodocians | Introduced notion of persons of the Trinity | |
| 114056884 | Augustine of Hippo | (354 - 430) Bishop of Hippo who wrote Confessions and City of God, which formed the basis for the doctrine of man's salvation by divine grace for the church. | |
| 114056885 | Thomas Aquinas | (Roman Catholic Church) Italian theologian and Doctor of the Church who is remembered for his attempt to reconcile faith and reason in a comprehensive theology | |
| 114056886 | Martin Luther | a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices. | |
| 114056887 | John Wesley | English clergyman and founder of Methodism (1703-1791) | |
| 114056888 | Friedrich Schleiermacher | (1768 - 1834) Called the "father of liberal Christianity," Schleiermacher famously attempted to reconcile Protestant Orthodoxy with the Enlightenment. | |
| 114056889 | Soren Kierkegaard | (1813-1855) A Danish religious philosopher, he rejected formalistic religion. He eventually religiously commited to a formalistic and majestic God. | |
| 114056890 | Muhammad | the Arab prophet who founded Islam (570-632) | |
| 114056891 | Khadijah | First wife of Muhammad who was the widow of a wealthy merchant. | |
| 114056892 | Allah | Muslim name for the one and only God | |
| 114056893 | Ibrahim | Arabic for Abraham | |
| 114056894 | Abu Bakr | First caliph of Islam after the death of Muhammad | |
| 114056895 | Ali | Cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of orthodox caliphs; focus for Shi'a. | |
| 114056896 | Mustafa Kemal Ataturk | Turkish nationalist leader who became the first president of modern Turkey in the 1920's and set about to modernize and Westernize Turkey, including making it more secular | |
| 114056897 | Sayyid Qutb | Emerged as the leading ideologue of radical Islamists, believed in Divine Sovereignty, essence of society should be to live by Islamic Law, ideology gave birth to violent, radical Islamic jihad groups, executed by the Nasser regime for his call to overthrow it | |
| 114056898 | sage | a mentor in spiritual and philosophical topics who is renowned for profound wisdom | |
| 114056899 | tian | an impersonal power that demanded right behavior and good governing. | |
| 114056900 | Rujia | tradition of the scholars "School of the Ru" -- opposite of realpolitik | |
| 114056901 | Ren | The Confucian virtue of ____ ("benevolence" or "humaneness") means that a person will always do what is right, regardless of the consequences. | |
| 114056902 | Li | ceremonies, rituals, and rules of proper conduct in Confucian tradition | |
| 114056903 | Five Relationships | Confucian philosophy about social order where everyone has a place and respect is paid to elders, parents, and the government. The relationships are, ruler to ruled, father to son, older brother to younger brother, husband to wife, friend to friend. | |
| 114056904 | Jun zi | virtue | |
| 114056905 | Five Classics | A corpus of texts considered authoritative by the early Confucians. They include poetry, historical, speeches, chronicles, ritual, and divination, Texts used to train scholars and civil servants in ancient China | |
| 114056906 | Four Books | Earlier texts promoted as a canon by the Song dynasty Neo-Confucians: Analects, Menicus, Great Learning, and Doctrine of the Mean | |
| 114056907 | T'ai chi | a Chinese system of slow meditative physical exercise designed for relaxation and balance and health | |
| 114056908 | Daodejing | written by Laozi - wisdom of the Dao, help find true way/pattern of the Dao (favors yin) | |
| 114056909 | Zhuangzi | The author of a book of the same name. Shared many of the central ideas of the Laozi, such as the usefulness of the useless and the relativity of ordinary distinctions. | |
| 114056910 | Dao | the character itself translates as "way," "path," or "route," it is used philosophically to signify the or true nature of the world. | |
| 114056911 | Wuwei | one of the two important concepts in Taoism; "non-action" "letting go/effortless action/going with the flow"; sage's practice allowing things to be; action is not premeditated/forced but is spontaneous and harmonius in response to the situation | |
| 114056912 | Mysticism | a religion based on mystical communion with an ultimate reality | |
| 114056913 | Eight Immortals | Once humans but entered world of the gods as result of merit or ability to find elixir that granted immortality | |
| 114056914 | Alchemy | n. medieval chemical philosophy based on changing metal into gold; a seemingly magical power or process of transmutation | |
| 114056915 | Pantheon | all the gods of a people or religion | |
| 114056916 | Hindu | adjective that describes someone or something from Indus River/India | |
| 114056917 | Hinduism | a body of religious and philosophical beliefs and cultural practices native to India and characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme beingof many forms and natures, by the view that opposing theories are aspects of one eternal truth, and by a | |
| 114056918 | Sanskrit | an Indo-European language that was the language of the Vedas | |
| 114056919 | Aryans | nomads from Europe and Asia who migrated to India and finally settled; vedas from this time suggest beginning of caste system | |
| 114056920 | Vedas | sacred texts in the Hindu religion, they are a set of four collections of hymns and religious ceremonies transmitted by memory through the centuries by Aryan priests | |
| 114056921 | Caste | (Hinduism) a hereditary social class among Hindus | |
| 114056922 | Dharma | basic principles of the cosmos | |
| 114056923 | Mahabharata | (Hinduism) a sacred epic Sanskrit poem of India dealing in many episodes with the struggle between two rival families | |
| 114056924 | Bhagavad Gita | The most important work of Indian sacred literature, a dialogue between the great warrior Arjuna and the god Krishna on duty and the fate of the spirit. (p. 185) | |
| 114056925 | Ramayana | one of two classical Hindu epics telling of the banishment of Rama from his kingdom and the abduction of his wife by a demon and Rama's restoration to the throne | |
| 114056926 | Krishna | Avatar of Vishnu | |
| 114056927 | Avatara | an incarnation of God as one of many forms | |
| 114056928 | Kali Yuga | in hindu world cycles, an age of chaos and selfishness, including the one in which we are now living | |
| 114056929 | Puranas | a collection of ancient stories that feature Hindu gods such as Vishnu and Shiva | |
| 114056930 | Bhakti | (Hinduism) loving devotion to a deity leading to salvation and Nirvana | |
| 114056931 | Shaivites | followers of shiva | |
| 114056932 | Vaishnavites | a Hindu devotee of Vishnu, particularl in his incarnation as Krishna. | |
| 114056933 | shaktas | a devotee of the goddess Devi | |
| 114056934 | Advaita Vedanta | non-dualistic hindu philosophy, in which the goal is the realization that the self is brahman | |
| 114056935 | Monism | the doctrine that reality consists of a single basic substance or element | |
| 114056936 | Nirguna Brahman | Nirguna brahman is brahman as meditation and knowledge, not an object of prayer. Nirguna brahman appears as Sanguna brahman in order to be worshipped | |
| 114056937 | Hidutva | Term that means Hinduness; written by Savarkar. He claimed that to be Hindu, one must be of a common nation, common race, and common civilization. | |
| 114056938 | Guru | a Hindu or Buddhist religious leader and spiritual teacher | |
| 114056939 | Puja | hindu devotional worship of deities at home or in a temple | |
| 114056940 | Brahmin | the highest of the four varnas: the priestly or sacerdotal category | |
| 114056941 | Asceticism | the doctrine that through renunciation of worldly pleasures it is possible to achieve a high spiritual or intellectual state | |
| 114056942 | Upanishads | Any of a group of philosophical treatises contributing to the theology of ancient Hinduism, elaborating on the earlier Vedas. | |
| 114056943 | Samsara | (Hinduism and Buddhism) the endless cycle of birth and suffering and death and rebirth | |
| 114056944 | Moksha | The Hindu concept of the spirit's 'liberation' from the endless cycle of rebirths. (179) | |
| 114056945 | Brahman | Universal spirit behind everything | |
| 114056946 | Atman | In Hindu belief, a person's essential self | |
| 114056947 | Karma | (Hinduism and Buddhism) the effects of a person's actions that determine his destiny in his next incarnation | |
| 114056948 | Yoga | A spiritual discipline; a method for perfecting one's union with the divine. | |
| 114056949 | Buddha | one who has achieved a state of perfect enlightenment | |
| 114056950 | Nirvana | (Hinduism and Buddhism) the beatitude that transcends the cycle of reincarnation | |
| 114056951 | Arhat | one who has become enlightened | |
| 114056952 | Sangha | buddhism's religious community | |
| 114056953 | The Four Noble Truths | all life involves suffering. desire is the cause of suffering. elimination of desire brings an end to suffering. a disciplined life conducted in accordance with the Noble Eightfold Path brings the elimination of desire | |
| 114056954 | The Eightfold Path | [1] Right understanding (faith in the Buddhist view of existence) [2] Right thought (the resolve to practice the faith), [3] right speech (avoidance of falsehoods, slander, and abuse) [4] right action (abstention from taking life, stealing, and improper sexual behavior) [5] Right livelihood (rejection of occupations not in keeping with Buddhist principles), [6] Right effort (development of good mental states) [7] Right mindfulness (awareness of body, feelings, and thought) [8] Right concentration (meditation). | |
| 114056955 | Dharma | essential quality or character, as of the cosmos or one's own nature. | |
| 114056956 | Anatman | no soul; denying the reality of permanent, immortal soul | |
| 114056957 | Dependent Origination | individuals are bound to future rebirth until they destroy desire and ignorance | |
| 114056958 | Theravada Buddhism | one of two great schools of Buddhist doctrine emphasizing personal salvation through your own efforts | |
| 114056959 | Mahayana Buddhism | one of two great schools of Buddhist doctrine emphasizing a common search for universal salvation especially through faith alone | |
| 114056960 | Bodhisattva | a person who has attained enlightenment but who has postponed nirvana in order to help others achieve enlightenment | |
| 114056961 | Nothingness | The absence or cessation of life or existence | |
| 114056962 | Punya | Good Karma | |
| 114056963 | Dana | giving, practice of cultivating generosity- purifies and transforms the mind of the giver | |
| 114056964 | Three Refuges | Buddha, dharma, sangha | |
| 114056965 | Three Baskets | Monastic rule (first basket), Discourse (second basket), Higher Teachings (third basket), They are texts | |
| 114056966 | Three Marks of Existence | characteristics that summarize the changing nature of reality | |
| 114056967 | Protestant Buddhism | a pattern of reform in which Buddhists protested colonial rule yet adopted perspectives and missionary techniques of Protestant Christainity | |
| 114056968 | Zen Buddhism | school of Mahayana Buddhism asserting that enlightenment can come through meditation and intuition rather than faith | |
| 114056969 | Confucious | A Chinese philosopher of the Zhou Dynasty, developed a code of behavior based on old traditions, good behavior, and truth. | |
| 114056970 | Mencious | confucian author whose book becomes canonical in the 13th century- first to expand on hsing | |
| 114056971 | Xunzi | follower of Confucius; stressed that humans were inherently lazy and evil and required an authoritarian government. | |
| 114056972 | Zhu Xi | (1130-1200) Most prominent of neo-Confucian scholars during the Song dynasty in China; stressed importance of applying philosophical principles to everyday life and action | |
| 114056973 | Wang Yangming | A controversial neo-Confucian master who taught his disciples to follow their intuition | |
| 114056974 | Laozi | the "Old Master" who encouraged people to give up worldly desires in favor of nature; he founded Taoism (Daoism) | |
| 114056975 | Mao Zedong | This man became the leader of the Chinese Communist Party and remained its leader until his death. He declared the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949 and supported the Chinese peasantry throughout his life. | |
| 114056976 | Shankara | a southern Indian devotee of Shiva who was active during the early ninth century, took it upon himself to digest all sacred consistent system of thought. Closely resembles Plato. | |
| 114056977 | Zhuangzi | ca. 369-286 BCE. great teacher of Daoism after Laozi one of the main contributors in Doaism; used stories and humour to promote a philosophy of freedom from social constraints and conditioning that could lead one back to an original undistorted state of being | |
| 114056978 | Swami Dayananda | never spoke in English, Banned idol worship, eliminated caste system, mostly yajna, always wore ethnic clothes | |
| 114056979 | Ramakrishna | a sanayasian who was tolerate of other religions. He was famous for saying "we may climb different mountains but we will all reach the same peak" | |
| 114056980 | Swami Vivekananda | (1863-1902) most famous disciple of Ramakrishna; made strong impact on western intellectuals; strong promoter of Vedanta as central part of India's spiritual heritage; formed the Vedanta Society and Ramakrishna-___________ missions; promoted social activism & spiritual attainment | |
| 114056981 | Mohandas Gandhi | A philosopher from India, this man was a spiritual and moral leader favoring India's independence from Great Britain. He practiced passive resistance, civil disobedience and boycotts to generate social and political change. | |
| 114056982 | Siddhartha Gautama | founder of Buddism; born a prince; left his father's wealth to find the cause of human suffering; also know as Buddha | |
| 114056983 | The Buddha | Enlightened one | |
| 114056984 | Ashoka | a ruler of the Mauryan Empire who converted to Buddhism | |
| 114056985 | Dalai Lama | Originally, a title meaning 'universal priest' that the Mongol khans invented and bestowed on a Tibetan lama (priest) in the late 1500s to legitimate their power in Tibet. Subsequently, the title of the religious and political leader of Tibet. (p. 556) |
