Mr. Mazur's AP History term sheet six
Terms : Hide Images
| 262288423 | Nativism | the belief that those born in a country are superior to immigrants | |
| 262288424 | Know-Nothing Party | influential third party of the 1840s; it opposed immigrants, especially Catholics, and supported temperance, a waiting period of citizenship, and literacy tests. Officially the American Party, its more commonly used nickname came from its members' secrecy and refusal to tell strangers anything about the group. When questioned, they would only reply, "I know nothing." | |
| 262288425 | Free Soil Party | formed from the remnants of the Liberty Party in 1848; adopting a slogan of "free soil, free speech, free labor, and free men," it opposed the spread of slavery into territories and supported homesteads, cheap postage, and internal improvements. It ran Martin Van Buren (1848) and John Hale (1852) for president and was absorbed into the Republican Party by 1856. | |
| 262288426 | Compromise of 1850 | Series of legislation addressing slavery and the boundaries of territories acquired during the Mexican-American War. California was admitted as a free state, Texas received financial compensation for relinquishing claim to lands West of the Rio Grande river, the territory of New Mexico was organized with popular sovereignty, the slave trade was abolished in Washington, D.C., and the Fugitive Slave Law was passed It temporarily defused sectional tensions in the United States, postponing the secession crisis and the American Civil War. Also repealed the compromise of 1820. | |
| 262288427 | Fugitive Slave law | a law first passed by Congress in 1793 to allow the seizure and return of slaves who escaped into another state or a federal territory; Congress passed a second version of the law in 1850 to establish fines on federal officials who refused to enforce the law or from whom a runaway slave escaped, to establish fines on individuals who helped slaves escape, to ban runaway slaves from testifying on their own behalf in court, and to give special commissioners power to enforce the law | |
| 262288428 | Franklin Pierce | an American politician and the fourteenth President of the United States. his popularity in the North declined sharply after he came out in favor of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, repealing the Missouri Compromise and reopening the question of the expansion of slavery in the West. | |
| 262288429 | James Buchanan | The 15th President of the United States (1857-1861). He tried to maintain a balance between proslavery and antislavery factions, but his moderate views angered radicals in both North and South, and he was unable to forestall the secession of South Carolina on December 20, 1860. | |
| 262288430 | Uncle Tom's Cabin | Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1853 that highly influenced england's view on the American Deep South and slavery. a novel promoting abolition. intensified sectional conflict. | |
| 262288431 | James C. Freemont | An American military officer, explorer, the first candidate of the Republican Party for the office of President of the United States (1856), and the first presidential candidate of a major party to run on a platform in opposition to slavery | |
| 262288432 | Stephen Douglas | a leading Democratic senator in the 1850s; nicknamed the "Little Giant" for his small size and great political power, he steered the Compromise of 1850 and the Kansas-Nebraska Act through Congress. Although increasingly alienated from the southern wing of his party, he ran against his political rival Abraham Lincoln for president in 1860 and lost. | |
| 262288433 | Freeport Doctrine | Doctrine developed by Stephen Douglas that said the exclusion of slavery in a territory could be determined by the refusal of the voters to enact any laws that would protect slave property. It was unpopular with Southerners, and thus cost him the election. | |
| 262288434 | Kansas-Nebraska Act | This Act set up Kansas and Nebraska as states. Each state would use popular sovereignty to decide what to do about slavery. People who were proslavery and antislavery moved to Kansas, but some antislavery settlers were against the Act. This began guerrilla warfare. | |
| 262288435 | Ostend Manifesto | a document drawn up in 1854 that instructed the buying of Cuba from Spain, then suggested the taking of Cuba by force It caused outrage among Northerners who felt it was a Southern attempt to extend slavery as states in Cuba would be southern states. | |
| 262288436 | Lecompton Constitution | supported the existence of slavery in the proposed state and protected rights of slaveholders. It was rejected by Kansas, making Kansas an eventual free state. | |
| 262288437 | Popular Sovereignty | The concept that political power rests with the people who can create, alter, and abolish government. People express themselves through voting and free participation in government | |
| 262288438 | Bleeding Kansas | Kansas was being disputed for free or slave soil during 1854-1857, by popular sovereignty. In 1857, there were enough free-soilers to overrule the slave-soilers. So many people were feuding that disagreements eventually led to killing in Kansas between pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces. | |
| 262288439 | Charles Sumner | He was an unpopular senator from Mass., and a leading abolitionist. In 1856, he made an assault in the pro-slavery of South Carolina and the South in his coarse speech, "The Crime Against Kansas." The insult angered Congressmen Brooks of South Carolina. Brooks walked up to his desk and beat him unconscious. This violent incident helped touch off the war between the North and the South. | |
| 262288440 | Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) | ruling by the U.S. Supreme Court that people of African descent imported into the United States and held as slaves (or their descendants,[2] whether or not they were slaves) were not protected by the Constitution and could never be U.S. citizens. | |
| 262288441 | John Brown | An abolitionist who attempted to lead a slave revolt by capturing Armories in southern territory and giving weapons to slaves, was hung in Harpers Ferry after capturing an Armory | |
| 262288442 | John J. Crittenden | Senator for Kentucky, proposed a series of constitutional amendments to satisfy the south, one would extend the 36 30' line to the Pacific Coast, allowing slavery in all territories | |
| 262288443 | Republican Party | One of the two major American political parties. It emerged in the 1850s as an antislavery party and consisted of former northern Whigs and antislavery Democrats. | |
| 262288444 | Abraham Lincoln | One of the most skillful politicians in Republican party. Lawyer. Tried to gain national exposure by debates with Stephen A. Douglas. The Lincoln-Douglas debates attracted much attention. Lincoln's attacks on slavery made him nationally known. He felt slavery was morally wrong, but was not an abolitionist. He felt there was not an alternative to slavery and blacks were not prepared to live on equal terms as whites. Won presidency in November election. | |
| 262288445 | Election of 1860 | Lincoln, the Republican candidate, won because the Democratic party was split over slavery. As a result, the South no longer felt like it has a voice in politics and a number of states seceded from the Union. | |
| 262288446 | Fort Sumter | Site of the opening engagement of the Civil War. On December 20, 1860, South Carolina had seceded from the Union, and had demanded that all federal property in the state be surrendered to state authorities. Major Robert Anderson concentrated his units at Fort Sumter, and, when Lincoln took office on March 4, 1861, Sumter was one of only two forts in the South still under Union control. Learning that Lincoln planned to send supplies to reinforce the fort, on April 11, 1861, Confederate General Beauregard demanded Anderson's surrender, which was refused. On April 12, 1861, the Confederate Army began bombarding the fort, which surrendered on April 14, 1861. Congress declared war on the Confederacy the next day. No one died in the battle. | |
| 262288447 | Jefferson Davis | an American statesman and politician who served as President of the Confederate States of America for its entire history from 1861 to 1865 | |
| 262288448 | Anaconda Plan | Union war plan by Winfield Scott, called for blockade of southern coast, capture of Richmond, capture Mississippi R, and to take an army through heart of south | |
| 262288449 | Confederate States of America | a republic formed in February of 1861 and composed of the eleven Southern states that seceded from the United States | |
| 262288450 | Border States | Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, and Missouri; these slave states stayed in the Union and were crucial to Lincoln's political and military strategy. He feared alienating them with emancipation of slaves and adding them to the Confederate cause. | |
| 262288451 | First Bull Run | First major battle of the Civil War, in which untrained Northern troops and civilian picnickers fled back to Washington. This battle helped boost Southern morale and made the North realize that this would be a long war. 1861-- First battle of the Civil War. Union soldiers were commanded by McDowell and defeated by the Confederate soldiers under Beauregard (Stonewall Jackson) | |
| 262288452 | Peninsular Campaign | A complicated route to capture Richmond that McClellan thought would circumvent the Confederate defenses. The navy would carry his troops down the Potomac to a peninsula east of Richmond, between the York and James Rivers; the army would approach the city from there. | |
| 262288453 | Robert E. Lee | Confederate general who had opposed secession but did not believe the Union should be held together by force | |
| 262288454 | George McClellan | was a major general during the American Civil War. He organized the famous Army of the Potomac and served briefly (November 1861 to March 1862) as the general-in-chief of the Union Army. Early in the war, McClellan played an important role in raising a well-trained and organized army for the Union. Chronically underestimated force of confederate army, leading to failure of Peninsula Campaign and was fired. | |
| 262288455 | Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson | A confederate General during Civil War. The most well-known confederate commander after Robert E Lee. Corps commander in Army of N. Virgina. Confederate pickets accidentally shot him at Battle of Chancellorsville, he survived but lost arm. Died of complications of pheumonia. His death was a severe setback for Confederacy. His death afected military, army, and the general public. | |
| 262288456 | Ulysses S. Grant | an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War. | |
| 262288457 | Antietam | the first major battle in the American Civil War to take place on Northern soil. It was the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, with almost 23,000 casualties. After this "win" for the North, Lincoln announced the Emancipation Proclamation | |
| 262288458 | Conscription | a military draft | |
| 262288459 | Emancipation Proclamation | a document issued in 1862 by abraham lincoln declaring that on January 1,1863, all slaves owned by persons in the confederate states were free. | |
| 262288460 | "Ten-percent Plan" | Lincoln- when 10% of the states population swore an oath of loyalty to the U.S. the state could form a new government, declare end of slavery and send representatives to Congress | |
| 262288461 | William T. Sherman | He commanded the Union army in Tennessee. In September of 1864 his troops captured Atlanta, Georgia. He then headed to take Savannah. This was his famous "march to the sea.". His troops burned barns and houses, and destroyed the countryside. His march showed a shift in the belief that only military targets should be destroyed. Civilian centers could also be targets. | |
| 262288462 | Chancellorsville | In Virginia where Lee daringly divided his numerically inferior army and sent Stonewall Jackson to attack the Union flank. This was successful strategy as it was one of the Confederates most successful victories of the war. However, during the battle Jackson was shot and killed by friendly fire which depleted the moral of the confederate force. | |
| 262288463 | Matthew Brady | was one of the most celebrated 19th century American photographers, best known for his portraits of celebrities and the documentation of the American Civil War. He is credited with being the father of photojournalism. | |
| 262288464 | Monitor | an ironclad ship used by the North in the Civil War, battled w/ the Merrimac but neither ship won. | |
| 262288465 | Merrimac | an iron-clad vessel built by the Confederate forces in the hope of breaking the blockade imposed by the North | |
| 262288466 | Gettysburg | a large battle in the American Civil War, took place in southern Pennsylvania from July 1 to July 3, 1863. The battle is named after the town on the battlefield. Union General George G. Meade led an army of about 90,000 men to victory against General Robert E. Lee's Confederate army of about 75,000. This is the war's most famous battle because of its large size, high cost in lives, location in a northern state, and for President Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address. | |
| 262288467 | Vicksburg | Grant besieged the city from May 18 to July 4, 1863, until it surrendered, yielding command of the Mississippi River to the Union. | |
| 262288468 | Election of 1864 | Lincoln vs. McClellan, Lincoln wants to unite North and South, McClellan wants war to end if he's elected, citizens of North are sick of war so many vote for McClellan, Lincoln wins | |
| 262288469 | March to the Sea | the name commonly given to the Savannah Campaign conducted in late 1864 by Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman of the Union Army during the American Civil War. The campaign began with Sherman's troops leaving the captured city of Atlanta, Georgia, on November 15 and ended with the capture of the port of Savannah on December 22. | |
| 262288470 | "total war" | a war that involves the complete mobilization of resources and people, affecting the lives of all citizens in the warring countries, even those remote from the battlefields. | |
| 262288471 | Copperheads | Most extreme portion of the Peace Democrats. They openly obstructed the war through attacks against the draft, against Lincoln, and the emancipation. Based in Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. There was really no victory for this group. | |
| 262288472 | Andrew Johnson | A Southerner form Tennessee, as V.P. when Lincoln was killed, he became president. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote. He was a very weak president. | |
| 262288473 | Appomatox | The place where Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysees S. Grant, Grant promised food and other things for the Confederates. It was the house of Wilmer McLean, who's farm had been the location of the 1st battle of Bull Run. A few battles were still fought after the surrender because it took a while to get the word out. | |
| 262288474 | John Wilkes Booth | was an American stage actor who, as part of a conspiracy plot, assassinated Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States, at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. on April 14, 1865. | |
| 262288475 | Thirteenth Amendment | the constitutional amendment ratified after the Civil War that forbade slavery and involuntary servitude. | |
| 262288476 | Fourteenth Amendment | the constitutional amendment adopted after the Civil War that states, "no state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws." | |
| 262288477 | Fifteenth Amendment | The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. | |
| 262288478 | Presidential Reconstruction | In December 1863 Lincoln introduced the first Reconstruction scheme, the Ten Percent Plan, thus beginning the period known as Presidential Reconstruction. The plan decreed that when one-tenth of a state's prewar voters had taken an oath of loyalty to the U.S. Constitution, its citizens could elect a new state government and apply for readmission to the Union. In addition, Lincoln promised to pardon all but a few high-ranking Confederates if they would take this oath and accept abolition. The plan also required that states amend their constitutions to abolish slavery. Conspicuous in this plan was the stipulation that only whites could vote or hold office. | |
| 262288479 | Thaddeus Stephens | PA Congressman who hoped to revolutionize southern society through an extended period of military rule in which blacks would be free to exercise their civil rights, receive education, and receive lands from planter class | |
| 262288480 | Radical Reconstruction | Provided for dividing states into military districts with military commanders to oversee voter registration that included adult African-American males for state conventions; state conventions to draft constitutions that provided for suffrage for black men; state legislatures to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment. | |
| 262288481 | Scalawags | name given to Southerners, often Unionists, accused of plundering the treasuries of the Southern states through their political influence | |
| 262288482 | Carpetbaggers | A northerner who went to the South immediately after the Civil War; especially one who tried to gain political advantage or other advantages from the disorganized situation in southern states | |
| 262288483 | Wade-Davis Bill | 1864 Proposed far more demanding and stringent terms for reconstruction; required 50% of the voters of a state to take the loyalty oath and permitted only non-confederates to vote for a new state constitution; Lincoln refused to sign the bill, pocket vetoing it after Congress adjourned. | |
| 262288484 | Morrill Land Grant Act | of 1862, in this act, the federal government had donated public land to the states for the establishment of college; as a result 69 land- grant institutions were established. | |
| 262288485 | Pacific Railroad Act | Called for the building of the Transcontinental Railroad to stretch across America connecting California and the rest of America. | |
| 262288486 | Ex Parte Milligan (1866) | Supreme Court decision involving presidential war powers; civilians could not be tried in military courts in wartime when the federal courts were functioning. | |
| 262288487 | Freedmen's Bureau | 1865 - Agency set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom. It furnished food and clothing to needy blacks and helped them get jobs | |
| 262288488 | Sharecropping | system in which landowners leased a few acres of land to farmworkers in return for a portion of their crops | |
| 262288489 | Black Codes | laws passed in the south just after the civil war aimed at controlling freedmen and enabling plantation owners to exploit african american workers | |
| 262288490 | Credit Mobilier | a joint-stock company organized in 1863 and reorganized in 1867 to build the Union Pacific Railroad. It was involved in a scandal in 1872 in which high government officials were accused of accepting bribes. | |
| 262288491 | Ku Klux Klan | founded in the 1860s in the south; meant to control newly freed slaves through threats and violence; other targets: Catholics, Jews, immigrants and others thought to be un-American | |
| 262288492 | Compromise of 1876 | the deal gave the Democrats an end to Reconstruction and military occupation in the South (and thus political control of that region—the "Solid South" was born) in exchange for continued control of the White House—Rutherford B. Hayes given the contested election of 1876 over Samuel Tilden, even though he lost by 250,000 votes; by this point, Northerners had lost interest in the problems facing former slaves |
