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| 242467086 | Justinian's Code | a collection of Roman laws adapted to fit to the Byzantine Empire. This compilation became the basis of Western European law. | 0 | |
| 242467087 | Cyril and Methodius | Byzantine missionaries sent to convert eastern Europe and the Balkans; responsible for creating the Slavic written script called Cyrillic. | 1 | |
| 242467088 | Carolingians | 8th century-united various Frankish kingdoms into a larger empire. At its height, under Charlemagne, the empire included Gaul and parts of Germany and Italy. | 2 | |
| 242467089 | Vikings | Warriors from Scandinavia who raided much of coastal Europe in the eighth and ninth centuries. They traveled in boats with high bows and sterns, carefully designed for either rough seas or calm waters. Eventually some settled in the countries they plundered and established new societies. | 3 | |
| 242467090 | William the Conqueror | Norman who invaded England in 1066 | 4 | |
| 242467091 | manors | Self-sufficient farming estates that were the primary centers of agricultural production. They grew from the need for self-sufficiency and self-defense. Also a source of government for most people living in the feudal system. | 5 | |
| 242467092 | Feudalism | a political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to the king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service and protection of of the people who live on the land. | 6 | |
| 242467093 | Vassal | In medieval Europe, a sworn supporter of a king or lord committed to rendering specified military service to that king or lord. | 7 | |
| 242467094 | serf | in medieval Europe, a peasant legally bound to the land who had to provide labor services, pay rents, and be subject to the lord's control | 8 | |
| 242467095 | fief | land granted by a lord to a vassal in exchange for loyalty and service | 9 | |
| 242467096 | Holy Roman Empire | Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities. Formed in 962 when the pope crowned a German King as Holy Roman Emperor. | 10 | |
| 242467097 | Investiture Controversy | Dispute between the popes and the Holy Roman Emperors over who held ultimate authority over bishops in imperial lands | 11 | |
| 242467098 | Canon Law | the body of codified laws governing the affairs of a Christian church | 12 | |
| 242467099 | Monasticism | Living in a religious community apart from secular society and adhering to a rule stipulating chastity, obedience, and poverty. It was a prominent element of medieval Christianity and Buddhism. Monasteries were the primary centers of learning and literacy in medieval Europe. | 13 | |
| 242467100 | Cyrillic Alphabet | An alphabet for the writing of Slavic languages, devised in the ninth century A.D. by Saints Cyril and Methodius | 14 | |
| 242467101 | Crusades | a series of Christian military campaigns against Muslims in the Eastern Mediterranean between 1100 and 1200 | 15 | |
| 242467102 | Pope Urban II | Leader of the Roman Catholic Church who asked European Christians to take up arms against Muslims, initiating the Crusades in 1095 | 16 | |
| 242467103 | Byzantine Empire | (330-1453) The eastern half of the Christian Europe, which survived after the fall of the Roman Empire at the end of the 5th century C.E. Its capital was Constantinople, named after the Emperor Constantine. | 17 |
