Terms list number 2 APUSH
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| 225636718 | Robert Walpole | The first of the modern prime ministers. He deliberately refrained from strict enforcement o the Navigation Acts, believing that relaxed trading restrictions would stimulate commerce. | |
| 225636719 | George Washington | Young, inexperienced colonel commanding the Ohio Valley battle to challenge French expansion. Washington built a crude stockade (Fort Necessity) not far from the French outpost. A third of the colonists died fighting and Washington surrendered. He was appointed as commander in chief of the Continental Congress and took command of army at Cambridge, Massachusetts on July 3rd, 1775. | |
| 225636720 | Thomas Paine | Paine served in Washington's army during the campaigns in New Jersey and at the same time wrote a series of essays designed to arouse support or the Patriot cause. The pamphlets he wrote were The Crisis, the Rights of Man (1791-1792), Common Sense and The Age of Reason (1784-1796). Paine took part in the French Revolution. In The Age of Reason, he criticized Christians and brought out Deism. He returned to America in 1802 in poverty and died shortly after during 1809. | |
| 225636721 | Samuel Adams | The leading figure in the public anger in response to the Boston Massacre. He was the colonies' most radical figure and John Adams' distant cousin. He was born in 1722 and was older than some other colonial protestors. A member of an earlier generation and was influenced by New England's Puritan past, he viewed things in very moral ways. Adams spoke frequently against Britain at town meetings. In 1722, he proposed a "committee of correspondence" to emphasize the complaints. | |
| 225636722 | Joseph Galloway | A delegate of the First Continental Congress as a Pennsylvanian Loyalist. His plan for colonial union under British authority (similar to the Albany Plan) was rejected in a close vote. | |
| 225636723 | Patrick Henry | Famous for his rebellion against Britain. He made a speech to the House of Burgesses on May 1765 saying that if the current laws were not changed, King George III would lose his head. Henry introduced the Virginia Resolve. | |
| 225636724 | Paul Revere | Rode with William Dawes at night to warn the villages of the British about their armies going from Lexington and Concord. | |
| 225636725 | Thomas Jefferson | A 33 year old delegate from Virginia at the time of the Declaration of Independence. He wrote most of the Declaration with John Adams and Benjamin Franklin. John Locke and George Mason are two individuals that helped inspire him as he wrote this document. | |
| 225636726 | John Paul Jones | Jones was a Scottish sailor and the United States' first well-known naval fighter in the Revolutionary War. | |
| 225636727 | John Hancock | John Hancock was one of Boston's richest people. He was the president of the Second Continental Congress and the first and third governor of Massachusetts. | |
| 225636728 | John Adams | John Adams was an American lawyer, statesman, diplomat, and political theorist. Although was forced to defend the British soldiers involved in the Boston Massacre, he was a well-known patriot. | |
| 225636729 | George Grenville | George Grenville was the prime minister of Britain from 1763 -1765. He enforced many acts such as the Stamp Act that enraged the colonists. | |
| 225636730 | Charles Townshend | Charles Townshend was the Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1766 - 1767. He enforced the Townshend Acts, which angered the colonists. | |
| 225636731 | Lord North | Lord North was the Prime Minister of England from 1770 - 1782. He led Great Britain through most of the American Revolution. | |
| 225636732 | George III | George III was the king of England from 1760 - 1820. He was blamed for all the acts enforced by the colonies in the Declaration of Independence. | |
| 225636733 | Benedict Arnold | Benedict Arnold was a general during the American Revolution. He was a traitor and later became a brigadier general in the British Army. | |
| 225636734 | Horatio Gates | General who fought in the French and Indian War and the Revolutionary War. He competed with George Washington to be Commander-in-Chief but failed. He was defeated at Camden, South Carolina and disappeared from the War. | |
| 225636735 | Nathaniel Greene | A general who was very close to George Washington. After Horatio Gates was defeated at Camden, Greene was appointed by Washington to replace him. He led many attacks against Lord Cornwallis and his army in South Carolina. | |
| 225636736 | Henry Knox | A general who specialized in artillery. He befriended George Washington helped to provide weapons such as cannons for multiple battles. | |
| 225636737 | Alexander Hamilton | Attended the Constitutional Convention and signed the Constitution. He was one of the three men who wrote The Federalist Papers; a collection of essays supporting the adoption of the Constitution. | |
| 225636738 | Judith Sargent Murray | One of the leading essayists of the time period. She said that women's minds were as good as men's and that girls deserved access to education as well as boys. | |
| 225636739 | Mary Wollstonecraft | She published Vindication of the Rights of Women. | |
| 225636740 | James Otis | He was a lawyer who fought for independence in ways such as fighting a case to make the Writs of Assistance illegal. | |
| 225636741 | John Dickinson | He was a moderate from Pennsylvania, who hoped for modest reforms in the imperial relationship that would permit an early reconciliation with Great Britain. | |
| 225636742 | Lord Chatham (William Pitt) | He was a British statesman who led Britain during the French & Indian War. He was devoted to victory and very popular among his constituents. | |
| 225636743 | John Locke | He as an English philosopher who was regarded as one of the most influential Enlightenment thinkers. Jefferson paraphrased him in the Declaration of Independence. | |
| 225636744 | John Singleton Copley | He was an American painter who is famous for portrait paintings of important political figures in colonial America. | |
| 225636745 | Mary Otis Warren | She was an extremely important woman in the revolution. With the support of John Adams, she began to post plays, poems, and tracts that supported the revolution. | |
| 225636746 | Abigail Adams | She was John Adams' wife and the first Second Lady of the United States. She often gave advice to John Adams during the Continental Congresses through letters. | |
| 225636747 | Richard Henry Lee | He was an American Statesman from Virginia who is known for the motion in the Second Continental Congress. He signed the Declaration of Independence and served one term as the President of the Continental Congress. | |
| 225636748 | Salutary Neglect | A long policy that lasted from 1607 to 1763. It allowed trade enforcements to be lenient and helped Great Britain keep American colonies obedient. It was almost a law that prevented strict enforcement of parliamentary laws. | |
| 225636749 | Albany Plan of Union | A conference of colonial leaders met up in Albany to make a treaty with the Iroquois under the advice of the British government. Each colony would "retain its present constitution" but would give powers to govern relations with Indians. The central government would have a general elected and paid by the king and a legislature appointed by colonial assemblies. | |
| 225636750 | Writs of Assistance | The opening acts of the Revolution when Britain passed the writs of assistance. These were search warrants that allowed British custom officials to search homes and businesses of colonists for smuggled goods. | |
| 225636751 | Treaty of Paris, 1763 | Ended the French & Indian War. It was signed on February 10th, 1763 and signaled Britain's victory over France and Spain. It eliminated France as a colonial power in North America, ceded France to Spain—Canada and all French territory east of the Mississippi, except for New Orleans, and Britain gained Florida. | |
| 225636752 | Acts of Trade and Navigation | Designed to regulate colonial commerce very strictly. The first act in 1660 closed to colonies to all trade except to England. In 1663, the second act provided that all goods being shipped from Europe to the colonies had to pass through England on the way so they could be taxed. The third in 1673 imposed duties on the coastal trade among the English colonies. These acts formed a legal basis of England's mercantile system in America. | |
| 225636753 | Proclamation of 1763 | George III did not allow colonists to move west of a line drawn along the Appalachian Mts. This land was temporarily to be a reserve for the Indians, to avoid conflict and to keep the colonists safe. Britain didn't want spend more to protect the colonists from the Indians. | |
| 225636754 | Paxton Boys (Penn.) | In 1763, people from western Pennsylvania called the Paxton Boys demanded a break from colonial taxes and for money to defend themselves from the Indians. | |
| 225636755 | Regulator Movement (N.C.) | In 1771, a small civil war occurred when the Regulators (farmers) organized an opposition to the high taxes that local colonial sheriffs collected. The Regulators were underrepresented in the colonial assembly | |
| 225636756 | Stamp Act | In 1765, it required special royal seals or stamps on legal printed materials. | |
| 225636757 | Stamp Act Congress | A secret meeting on October 19th, 1765 with representatives from the colonies and they discussed the Stamp Act passed by Parliament. They discussed trial by jury, a right of taxing, and reducing admiralty courts. | |
| 225636758 | Boston Massacre | On March 5th, 1770, harassed British soldiers fired on the crowd and killed colonists. Colonial media made it look worse and the case was defended by John Adams. | |
| 225636759 | Townshend Duties | 1767- The Townshend Duties' purpose was to raise revenue in the colonies. There were many boycotts lead by the merchants in the colonies. | |
| 225636760 | Quartering Act- 1765 | The quartering act made colonists pay for the quartering of British soldiers. British soldiers lived in the houses of the colonists, which scared and angered them. | |
| 225636761 | Tea Act 1773 | The Tea Act of 1773 reduced the surplus of tea held by the British East India Company. | |
| 225636762 | Committee of Correspondence | The Comm. Of Correspondence were "shadow governments" organized by the Patriot leaders of the colonies. | |
| 225636763 | Boston Tea Party | The Boston Tea Party was a direct action by the Boston colonists against the East India Company. The Boston colonists destroyed the tea by throwing it into the Boston Harbor. Intolerable or Coercive Acts 1774- 4 of the Intolerable Acts were issued in response of the Boston Tea Party. These acts cause the colonists to organize the First Continental Congress. | |
| 225636764 | First Continental Congress | The First Continental Congress was a convention of delegates that met September of 1774. The Congress met to discuss the economic boycott of British trade, and publish a list of rights and grievances. | |
| 225636765 | Second Continental Congress | The Second Continental Congress met in May of 1775 soon after the Revolutionary War begun. The Congress managed the colonial war effort and adopted the Declaration of Independence. | |
| 225636766 | Continental Association | The Continental Association was created by the First Continental Congress in 1774 for executing a trade boycott with Great Britain. The boycott started on December 1st, 1774. | |
| 225636767 | Suffix Resolves | Colonies start importation and form their own militias. | |
| 225636768 | Galloway Plan | The colonies made their own parliament with the power to veto any of parliament's laws. Parliament disapproved and ended it. | |
| 225636769 | Declaration of Independence | The document that declared the colonies independent of Britain. It was approved and signed in 1776 by the delegates of the Continental Congress. | |
| 225636770 | Declaratory Act | Stated that Parliament had full authority to bind colonial people under the rule of Parliament and the king. | |
| 225636771 | The Conway Cabal | A group of people who dedicated themselves to getting George Washington replaces as a military commander. | |
| 225636772 | The Gaspee Incident | In 1772 colonists attacked and burned a British ship. The offenders were sent to England for a trial, but the action weakened self-government in Rhode Island. | |
| 225636773 | Battle of Saratoga | British army detachment under the command of John Burgoyne surrendered to Horatio Gates and men after being cut off from the rest of the British army and fighting low on supplies. It was a major turning point of the war. | |
| 225636774 | Yorktown | Cornwallis and his army were building fortifications in Yorktown when George Washington and Americas French Allies trapped him. Washington and Count Jean Baptiste de Rochambeau took a French-American army to New York to join more French forces under Lafayette in Virginia. At the same time, Admiral Francois Joseph Paul de Grasse sailed additional troops to Chesapeake Bay and the York River. The two forces caught Cornwallis between land and sea, and after very few minor battles, he surrendered. | |
| 225636775 | Trenton | Battle in New Jersey led by Washington against Cornwallis. American victory led British to leave New Jersey and go into hiding. | |
| 225636776 | Valley Forge | The place where George Washington and his army stayed in the winter of 1777. The conditions were horrible: food and clothing were scarce and disease spread uncontrollably. Much of the army died disease or starvation. | |
| 225636777 | 1776 | The year the Declaration was approved and signed. Thomas Paine's Common Sense was published, the Battle of Trenton occurred, and the first state constitutions were written. | |
| 225636778 | 1783 | This was the year that Britain acknowledged America's independence and the Treaty of Paris is signed. | |
| 225636779 | Parson's Cause | This was an important legal and political debate in the colony of Virginia. The case was in regard to the Two Penny Act passed in 1758. | |
| 225636780 | Sons of Liberty | They were a group of patriots that were organized by Samuel Adams. They were harassed and boycotted by the British and their followers. They pushed for independence and were responsible for the Boston Tea Party. | |
| 225636781 | Loyalists | They were people who did not want to break off from the British. | |
| 225636782 | Mutiny Act | A series of annual acts passed by parliament in response to the mutiny of a large portion of the army. This included the Quartering Act. | |
| 225636783 | Quebec Act | This extended the boundaries of Quebec to the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers and destroyed the claims of Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Virginia. | |
| 225636784 | Common Sense | This was a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine. It became a best seller and was simply written so it would appeal to the masses. It was the first piece of work to ask for independence. | |
| 225636785 | "Virtual" Representation | Americans were not actually represented but the British argued that Parliament had their views in mind. | |
| 225636786 | "Actual" representation | This is when you are actually represented and are able to pass laws that benefit your constituents. | |
| 225636787 | "No taxation with representation" | The slogan for the American Revolution which meant that the British did not have the right to tax America if America had no representation in Parliament. | |
| 225636788 | Sugar and Molasses Act | This was passed in 1764 and enforced collection of duties on sugar and molasses | |
| 225636789 | Causes of the French and Indian War | Conflicts between Britain and France. British settlers were going farther into Indian lands in the Ohio Valley, and the French were also in the region. | |
| 225636790 | Why Acts of Trade and Navigation Passed | The Navigation Acts were passed to allow Britain to have self-sufficiency from mercantilist theories, have higher wealth and a stronger navy, and to restrict colonial trade for more benefits. | |
| 225636791 | Circumstances that Weakened Britain Administration of American Colonies | The reactions of the American colonists in response to the acts and laws weakened the British Administration such as the Boston Tea Party, the Continental Congresses, rebellious pamphlets such as "Common Sense, the Sons of Liberty, and more. | |
| 225636792 | Colonial Check on Colonial Governors | There were colonial checks on the governors similar to today's checks and balances. | |
| 225636793 | Britsh Policy after 1763 | Britain increased control over the colonies after 1763. Britain enforced many acts after 1763. Problems Br. Faced after the French & Indian War- After the French & Indian War went into serious debt, forcing them to start taxing the colonies. | |
| 225636794 | Examples of intercolonial unity after 1763 | After 1763, Britain started becoming stricter with the colonies, enforcing more laws, which brought the colonies together in an intercolonial unity. | |
| 225636795 | Opposition to Stamp Act | The colonies were enraged with the stamp act, enforcing the idea of taxation without representation. | |
| 225636796 | Reasons Britain removed the Stamp Act & Townshend Duties | Britain removed the Stamp Act because Parliament was losing money due to the boycott of stamps. Britain removed the Townshend Duties because it cost more to collect the revenue than was being brought in. | |
| 225636797 | Responses of royal governors to colonial resistance | The governors enforced laws more severely and made even more taxes. | |
| 225636798 | Declaration of Independence | 1) Preamble: Says that the colonies are going to break off from England and says every man has natural rights: life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness. 2) Ideas: Natural Rights, the colonies forming one united nation. 3) Government theory: The colonies would be independent states with their own government completely separated from England. 4) Reasons of Revolution: All of the taxes like the Stamp Act and Townshend Duties, the Quartering Act, the Writs of Assistance. 5) Grievances: Tyranny of Britain by means of taxation without representation and enforcing laws such as the Writs of Assistance and the Quartering Act. 6) Deletions: Much was deleted from the Declaration about slavery. 7) Influences: John Locke, Virginia Constitution and other state constitutions. | |
| 225636799 | Famous quotes of the Revolution | "Passion governs, and she never governs wisely." -Franklin, "The colonists are not to be emancipated." -George III, "Victory or Death" -Washington" | |
| 225636800 | American War Aims | America aimed to break off from England be free from oppressive taxes and rules. |
