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391353619Magna Cartaa document written in England in 1215 that granted certain rights to nobles; later these rights came to be extended to all classes0
391353620Malay sailorsSoutheast Asian sailors who traveled the Indian Ocean; by 500 CE, they had colonized Madagascar, introducing the cultivation of the banana1
391353621MamluksTurkic military slaves who formed part of the army of the Abbasid Caliphate in the ninth and tenth centuries2
391353622Manchuspeoples from northeastern Asia who founded China's Qing dynasty3
391353623mandatea type of colony in which the government is overseen by another nation4
391353624mandate of heaventhe concept developed by the Zhou dynasty that the diety granted a dynasty the right to rule and took away that right if the dynasty did not rule wisely5
391353625manorialismthe system of self-sufficient estates that arose in medieval Europe6
391353626Maoria member of a Polynesian group that settled in New Zealand about 800 CE7
391353627maroon societiesrunaway slaves in the Caribbean who established their own communities to resist slavery and colonial authorities8
391353628Marshall Plana US plan to support the recovery and reconstruction of Western Europe after World War 29
391353629mass consumerismtrade in products designed to appeal to a global market10
391353630matrilinealreferring to a social system in which descent and inheritance are traced through the mother11
391353631May Fourth Movementa 1919 protest in China against the Treaty of Versailles and foreign influence12
391353632medievalpertaining to the middle ages of European history13
391353633Meiji Restorationthe restoration of the Meiji emperor in Japan in 1868 that began a program of industrialization and centralization of Japan following the end of the Tokugawa Shogunate14
391353634mercantilismA European economic policy of the 16th-18th centuries that held that there was a limited amount of wealth available, and that each country must adopt policies to obtain as much wealth as possible for itself15
391353635mestizosin the Spanish colonies, persons of mixed European and Indian descent16
391353636metropolitanthe head of the Eastern Orthodox Church17
391353637Mexicathe name given to themselves by the Aztec people18
391353638Middle Agesthe period of European history traditionally given as 500-150019
391353639Middle Kingdomterm applied to the rich agricultural lands of the Yangtze River valley under the Zhou dynasty20
391353640Middle Passagethe portion of trans-Atlantic trade that involved the passage of Africans from Africa to the Americas21
391353641minareta tower attached to a mosque from which Muslims are called to worship22
391353642mitaa labor system used by Andean societies in which community members shared work owed to rulers and the religious community23
391353643mokshain Hindu belief, the spirit's liberation from the cycle of reincarnation24
391353644Mongol Peacethe period from about 1250 to 1350 in which the Mongols ensured the safety of Eurasian trade and travel25
391353645monotheismthe belief in one god26
391353646Monroe Doctrine (1823)policy issued by the US in which it declared that the Western Hemisphere was off limits to colonization by other powers27
391353647monsoona seasonal wind28
391353648mosquethe house of worship of followers of Islam29
391353649Mughal dynastyrulers who controlled most of India in the 16th and 17th centuries30
391353650mulato (mulatto)in the Spanish and Portuguese colonies, a person of mixed African and European descent31
391353651Muslim"One who submits"; a follower of Islam32
391353652mystery religionduring the Hellenistic Age, religons that promised their faithful followers eternity in a state of bliss33

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