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| 47550008 | Thirteenth Amendment | Issued in 1865 abolishing slavery and electing senators and representatives. | |
| 47550009 | Fourteenth Amendment | In 1866 this was passed. It reduced the power of all the states. It confirmed the growth of the more complex more closely integrated social and economic structure requiring closer national supervision. It supplied a broad definition of the American Citizenship. It then attempted to force the southern states to permit blacks to vote. The Confederate debt was then repudiated. It didn't outlaw segregation. | |
| 47550010 | Fifteenth Amendment | sent to the states for ratification in 1869. It forbade all the states to deny the vote to anyone "on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude". This caused feminists to go crazy. The American Anti Slavery Society formally dissolved itself because its work had been completed. | |
| 47550011 | Black Codes | Codes enacted by southern governments to control former slaves. They varied in severity in states. Most permitted blacks to sue and testify in court. Blacks were allowed to own certain kinds of property. They couldn't bear arms or be employed in occupations other than farming and domestic service or leave their jobs without forfeiting the bank. These were designed to get around the Thirteenth Amendment. It outraged Northerners. | |
| 47550012 | "Bleeding Kansas" | The account of all the segregation violence. Republicans overly exaggerated it. The settlers who went there had many slaves. They had a low opinion of blacks. They wanted land, local political office, and business opportunities. The government told squatters they could occupy unsurveyed federal land that was inaccessible. This led to confusion over property boundaries which further made it difficult to establish an orderly government. The people (due to the Kansas Nebraska act) had a choice to choose if slavery was legal. Northerners and southerners refused to let the settlers work it out on their own. Missourians crossed the border to participate in the election for a congress delegate. They voted in a proslavery candidate. The legislature in Kansas enacted a slave code and laws prohibiting abolitionist protest. As a result, the antislavery settlers refused to accept this and formed their own legislation, making Kansas a two legislation territory. Topeka became the place for proslavery settlers and Lawrence became the place for anti slavery settlers. Both party's formed a constitution and both were rejected. | |
| 47550013 | Andrew Johnson | Lincoln vice president ad successor when he was shot. He was a Unionist Democrat. He had great respect for states rights and issued an amnesty proclamation and hates southern planter aristocrats. He was considered "a war democrat" because he stayed in the senate when Tennessee succeeded. Under him the 13th amendment was ratified and confederate debt was repudiated. He vetoed many bills. | |
| 47550014 | Tenure Office Act of 1867 | An act prohibiting the president from removing officials who had been appointed with the consent of the Senate without first obtaining Senate approval. Johnson "violated this" when he fired Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton. Congress impeached him. During the trial Johnson's lawyers argued the Act was unconstitutional. The senate failed by a single vote to convict Johnson. | |
| 47550015 | Ulysses S. Grant | graduated from west Point and led Union Forces at Shiloh. His horse was names Cincinnati. He resumed command at Vicksburg. His main goal was to capture Vicksburg. He was placed in charge of all federal troops after his victories at Champions Hill and Big Black River and Vicksburg. He was then given supreme command of the armies of the United Sates. His face is now on the $50 bill. He was a poor president in 1868 because he failed to deal effectively with economic and social problems along with political corruption. | |
| 47550016 | Horace Greeley | The editor of the New York Tribune and first presidential candidate for the Liberal Republican Party. He was a democratic nominee against Grant but lost in 1872. | |
| 47550017 | Ten Percent Plan | Lincoln issued this general policy. It said (with the exception of some) all southerners could reinstate themselves as the U.S. citizens by taking a simple loyalty oath. When a number of 10 percent of those voting in the 1860 election had taken the oath they could set up governments. They had to be republican and recognize the "permanent freedom" of the saves. It must also provide for black education. Radical Republicans didn't like this plan because of its moderation and enablement of Lincoln to determine Union policy. "A proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction". | |
| 47550018 | Battle Of Vicksburg | Grant commanded union forces. He was determined to win this because whoever had control of this region had control of the Mississippi river and was able to transfer goods and troops to the rest of the confederacy, or cut them off. It was unapproachable from the west and north. Grant devised a plan where he gave the impression he was attacking from the north but really slipped around the west bank and headed south for Jackson (capitol of Mississippi). He cut off General John. Pemberton form the rest of the confederates. Grant defeated him in two decisive battles (Champions hill and Black River). Pemberton surrendered the city on July 4th. Grant was placed in charge of all federal troops because of this. HE then after won another victory at Chattanooga. | |
| 47550019 | Freedmen's Bureau | Established in March 1865 to care for refugees. It was a branch of the war department. It exercised superiority of the south. A bill was passed to further extend its power by protecting the black population. Johnson vetoed it saying it was an unconstitutional extension of the military's power during peacetime. | |
| 47550020 | USS Monitor vs. Confederate Merrimack | The first fight in history between armored warships. The northern won control of the peninsula formed by New York and James rivers in order to attack Richmond from the southeast. | |
| 47550021 | Freeport Doctrine | During one of the Lincoln Douglas debates in Freeport, Lincoln asked Douglas is the people of a territory could exclude slavery before the territory became a state. He replied they could by not passing local laws essential for holding blacks in oppression. This saved him in Illinois but hurt him overall for the southerners for the presidential elections. "Could a territorial government ban slavery when it applied for statehood?". | |
| 47550022 | Roger Williams | The minister for the church in Salem, Massachusetts, after being kicked out of Salem, he established the colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. In the colony all religions were tolerated and church and state were strongly separated. | |
| 47550023 | Treaty of Tordesillas | In 1494 the new world was split up into Spanish and Portuguese controlled spheres | |
| 47550024 | Great Migration | The movement of 10,000 Puritans from England to Massachusetts | |
| 47550025 | Wooly Mammoth | A 16,000 pound mammal which could provide meat for two dozen hunters all winter | |
| 47550026 | Mayflower Compact | Before departing the Mayflower, the colonists wrote this up, in which they said that they will enact just and equal laws and form a civil body | |
| 47550027 | William Penn | Became a Quaker missionary after rejecting a life of leisure, received Pennsylvania from King Charles I because the King owed Penn's dead father 16,000 pounds and receiving Pennsylvania was the payback. In 1682 he founded Philadelphia and also received Delaware and the land between Maryland and the Delaware River from the Lord of York. Large number of Germans came to Pennsylvania because Penn wrote glowing descriptions of his colony which were then sent overseas to England and then translated to other European languages. | |
| 47550028 | Bacon's Rebellion | An uprising in 1676, against Virginia governor Berkeley, the rebellion collapsed after Bacon's death, they burned down Jamestown and attacked Indian settlements | |
| 47550029 | Half:Way Covenant | Adopted by many Puritan Congregation Churches during the 1650s, it allowed baptized Puritans who had no experienced saving grace to acquire partial church membership and receive sacraments | |
| 47550030 | Leisler's Rebellion | Led by Jacob Leisler, in 1689, wrested control of NY's government following the abdication of King James II. Ended in 1690 when Leisler was executed | |
| 47550031 | Navigation Acts | Meant to control trade within the British empire so as to benefit Britain and promote it administration of the colonies | |
| 47550032 | Great Awakening | A widespread evangelical revival movement of the 1740s and 1750s, it spread religious fervor but weakened the authority of the established churches | |
| 47550033 | Benjamin Franklin | Represented Pennsylvania, Georgia, New Jersey, and Massachusetts in the British Parliament | |
| 47550034 | Stamp Act | Passed in 1765, placed stiff tariffs on all kinds of printed matter, no one could sell newspapers or pamphlets, or convey licenses, diplomas, or legal papers without buying a special stamp and putting it on the printed matter | |
| 47550035 | Second Continental Congress | A gathering of American patriots in May 1775 that organized the Continental Army, requisitioned soldiers and supplies, and commissioned George Washington to lead it | |
| 47550036 | First Continental Congress | Delegates from the 12 colonies met in 1774. They denied Parliament's authority to legislate the colonies, adopted the Declaration of Rights and Grievances, and endorsed to take up arms against Britain | |
| 47550037 | Peace of Paris 1763 | Ended the Seven Year's War, France had to abandon all claim to North America; Great Britain received Canada and the eastern half of the Mississippi Valley, Spain got back the Philippine Islands and Cuba, but had to cede East and West Florida to England | |
| 47550038 | Boston Tea Party | On November 27th 1773 a band of colonists dressed as Indians dumped tea chests form the Darthmouth and two other ships into the sea, they were cheered on by many at the wharf side | |
| 47550039 | Hartford Convention | A Federalist states rights protest. It was convened in secret with 22 delegates present from 5 New England states. There was talk of secession. They wanted to cripple Republican political power. Their plans didn't work because Jackson was victorious at New Orleans and the war had ended. This discredited the Federalist party and could be considered treasonous. | |
| 47550040 | Treaty of Ghent | The end of the War of 1812. It was signed in December and America and Britain both agreed to restore the status quo. | |
| 47550041 | Transcontinental Treaty | Where we settled the thing between Canada and Maine | |
| 47550042 | "Corrupt bargain" | What Jackson believed to be when Clay dropped his presidency campaign to support Quincy Adams, Clay's support allowed Quincy Adams to become president and Clay became Secretary of State | |
| 47550043 | Missouri Compromise | Slavery was prohibited in the Louisiana territory north of a certain point (36°30'). Missouri would come in as a slave state. Maine would be created as a free new state (formerly part of Massachusetts). This almost failed because Missouri did not want to include free blacks. | |
| 47550044 | Monroe Doctrine | James Monroe's principle stating three things. One, that there should be no additional European colonization in the western hemisphere. Second, that no monarchial system in the western hemisphere. And third that the US would stay out of all European affairs or in there existing colonies. | |
| 47550045 | Tariff of Abominations | In attempt to embarrass President JQA, the Jacksonian's introduced a new tariff bill. Northern states voted for higher rates. Southern members of congress, reflecting their states' growing reliance on cotton exports and the purchase of manufactured goods, voted against the bill. The reversal of positions by Daniel Webster and John C. Calhoun reflected economic changes in their sections of the nation. Congress passed this tariff and JQA signed it. South Carolina led the sectional opposition to higher tariffs. | |
| 47550046 | Nullification Crisis | Between South Carolina and the rest of the US. The tariff rates were reduced, but the states' rights doctrine of nullification had been rejected by the nation. | |
| 47550047 | Eli Whitney | Created the cotton gin which allowed for more cotton to be produced | |
| 47550048 | John Marshall | He dominated the courts and influenced decisions throughout the Jefferson era. He was presiding over the trial of Burr. | |
| 47550049 | Roger Taney | Secretary of state insisted pet-banks maintain large reserves. He did what Jackson had wanted him to do, which was to withdraw the governments funds deposited in the Bank of the United States' vaults. By 1836 the government's funds had been spread out in about 90 banks. Jackson's administration favored institutions whose directors were politically sympathetic to them. | |
| 47550050 | McCulloch vs. Maryland | In 1819 the Supreme Court ruled that state governments couldn't tax a government agency | |
| 47550051 | Andrew Jackson | Inaugurated on March 4, 1829. Because of his character he gained support from all different types of people. During his presidency he cleaned up Washington by getting rid of the people he didn't trust. He believed there should be a rotation in government so more people could be a part of it. Jackson vetoed 12 bills when al the presidents before him collectively had only vetoed 9 ("Veto King"). He believed in a constitutionally limited government. During his second term he decided to withdraw all the government funds deposited in the Bank of the United States vaults. | |
| 47550052 | Nat Turner | In Virginia he led a slave rebellion, over 50 whites were killed | |
| 47550053 | Worcester vs. Georgia | a case in which the United States Supreme Court held that Cherokee Native Americans were entitled to federal protection from the actions of state governments which would infringe on the tribe's sovereignty. | |
| 47550054 | Trail of Tears | In 1838, the US forced 15,000 Cherokee to leave Georgia for Oklahoma. 4,000 died on the way | |
| 47550055 | Shakers | A community movement founded by Ann Lee, "Mother Ann". She saw visions and said she was Jesus re-incarnated. Founded a colony in Albany. She died but it still kept going. By 1830 they had 20 communities. They practiced celibacy. They lived in large family houses and the sexes were separated. Property was held in common but controlled by a ruling hierarchy. | |
| 47550056 | Temperance | Movement by ministers and women to limit the use of alcohol | |
| 47550057 | Second Great Awakening | A wave of religious enthusiasm, commencing in the 1790s and lasting for decades, that stressed the mercy, love, and benevolence of God and emphasized that all people could, through faith and effort, achieve salvation | |
| 47550058 | Abolitionism | Movement to end slavery, this movement helped led to the American Civil War | |
| 47550059 | William Lloyd Garrison | Abolitionist, started the Liberator, he organized the New England Anti-Slavery Society. He believed that slaves must be freed immediately and treated as equals; compensated emancipation was unacceptable | |
| 47550060 | Dorothea Dix | Selfless women devoted 30 years trying to improve and cure the insane. She traveled to every state in the union and ventured of to as far as Turkey and Japan. She wrote memorial that led to some improvements. | |
| 47550061 | Frederick Douglass | A former slave, a speaker for the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society | |
| 47550062 | Susan B. Anthony | Believed in women's rights for divorce and property | |
| 47550063 | Lucreita Mott | When the World Anti-Slavery Convention held in London refused to take delegates to let women participate in their debates happened, she started becoming a women's activist. She attended the Seneca Falls Convention. | |
| 47550064 | Elizabeth Cady Stanton | she wanted to become active in the fight for abolition and women's rights, her responsibilities at home made it hard. She wrote an autobiography called Eighty Years and More. She organized the Seneca Falls Convention, which drafted a Declaration of Sentiments (outlined after the declaration for Independence). | |
| 47550065 | Brigham Young | Replaced John Smith and led the Mormons on a march to Slat Lake City in 1847. Irrigation made the desert flourish. 11,000 people lived in their Zion when it became part of the Utah territory in 1850. | |
| 47550066 | Seneca Falls Convention | Main participants were Lucreita Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, meant to start the process to get women to vote | |
| 47550067 | Emerson & Thoreau | Both Transcendentalist, Emerson's most famous is The Nature and Thoreau's is Walden | |
| 47550068 | Horace Mann | Father of public education, reformed the Massachusetts system and later headed Antioch College | |
| 47550069 | Sam Houston | Former Congressman of Tennessee, placed in charge of the Rebel Army in Texas. He shouted "Forward! Charge! Remember the Alamo! Remember the Goliad!". He was the president of the Lone Star Republic. | |
| 47550070 | Manifest Destiny | The belief that after 200 years of westward expansion the whole continent was destined to be theirs. Americans were God's chosen people. | |
| 47550071 | Wilmot Proviso | An Amendment introduced by a congressman from Pennsylvania named David Wilmot. It said that neither slavery nor involuntary service should exist in the new territory. This bill was considered insulting to southerners. It passed the House of Representatives (controlled by northerners) and didn't pass the senate (controlled by southerners). | |
| 47550072 | Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo | Ultimately the US's new territory ranged from the Pacific Coast from South of San Diego to the 49th parallel and all the land in between the coast and the Continental Divide. We got California, New Mexico Territory, and the recognition of a border (Rio Grande). | |
| 47550073 | Denmark Vessey | Bought his freedom. He mocked other slaves for still being enslaved. He preached resistance to his fellows and quoted the Declaration of Independence and the bible. Some feared him more than their masters, and god. He planned an uprising for 5 years but it failed when some of his followers betrayed him. | |
| 47550074 | Fugitive Slave Act | The act of 1793 was amended to provide for the appointment of federal commissioners with authority to issue warrants, summon posses, and compel citizens under pain of fine or imprisonment to assist in the capture of fugitives. | |
| 47550075 | Harriet Beecher Stowe | The author of Uncle Tom's Cabin. A novel that raised sectional tensions towards slavery. It sold 10,000 copies in one week and 300,000 copies in one year. It was translated into dozens of different languages. She was not a professional writer or abolitionist. She had no firsthand knowledge of slavery. She didn't seek to convert readers and avoided the self-righteousness. | |
| 47550076 | Ostend Manifesto | The State Department of the United States prepared this confidential dispatch suggesting that if Spain refused to sell Cuba, they would take it by force. This news leaked out and had to be published. The government disavowed the manifesto and gave up on the idea of someday possessing Cuba or any other Caribbean island. | |
| 47550077 | Kansas-Nebraska Act | This was formed by Stephen A. Douglas. This stated the Nebraska region would be split into two territories, Kansas and Nebraska. It would also repeal the part of the Missouri Compromise that excluded slavery from land north of 36°30'. The decision of slavery would be up to the settlers in that state. Abolitionists in the north were outraged while southerners backed the bill. It ultimately passed in 1854. | |
| 47550078 | Commodore Mathew C. Perry | led an expedition to try for commercial concessions In the isolated kingdom of Japan. It was a great success. The Japanese agreed to establish diplomatic relations. His "black ships" were sent by Filmore. "Show of Force" led to a trade treaty 5 years later and westernalization. | |
| 47550079 | James Buchanan | The Democratic nominee for the election of 1856. He won. He was in congress for 20 years. He was a minister to Russia. He was Polk's secretary of state, and then minister to Great Britain under Pierce. He could consume a lot of liquor. He was stubborn and sometimes cruel. He supported the Lecompton Constitution and demanded that congress admit Kansas to the union and use that as its frame of government. Congress rejected the bill. He was called "doughface" or lameduck. He was a northerner with southern sympathies. | |
| 47550080 | The Dred Scott Decision | A slave and his wife, Dred and Harriet Scott married in Wisconsin. When his master died they sued the Missouri courts for their liberty. They said that residence in Illinois (where slavery was banned by Northwestern Ordinance) and in the Wisconsin (slavery was outlawed by Missouri Compromise) made them free. This case ultimately moved up to the Supreme Court. They decided: Whether blacks were free or slave they were not citizens, meaning they could not sue in federal court. Taney said they were "an inferior order". They also said since they returned to Missouri the Illinois laws didn't apply to them and the Missouri compromise was unconstitutional making them not free. This voided the Missouri compromise again. | |
| 47550081 | The Lincoln Douglas Debates | Lincoln challenged Douglas to a series of seven debates. Through these debates Douglas seemed like a man craving efficiency and success while Lincoln seemed like a man of the people. They both adjusted their arguments based on their settings. These debates were well attended and well reported. Douglas set to let Lincoln look like an abolitionist who was against the Scott decision. Lincoln tried to set Douglas to look like a proslavery person and a defender of the Scott decision. | |
| 47550082 | South Carolina secedes | First state to do so | |
| 47550083 | Robert E. Lee | Took over for Johnston as head of the confederacy. His horse was named Traveller. First major battle he lost was Gettysburg. | |
| 47550084 | Emancipation Proclamation | Lincoln at first resisted this because he feared it would divide the country and injure the war efforts. However the "victory" at Antietam Creek gave him an opportunity to issue this. It stated after January 1, 1863 all slaves in areas of rebellion against the U.S. "shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free". It also authorized the enlistment of blacks. Foreign opinion of this was mixed. The radicals thought it wasn't severe enough. In the south, slaves (after January 1) ran into the union lines when the soldiers arrived. | |
| 47550085 | Battle of Gettysburg | A confederate unit clashed with a Union unit and both called for backup. They met at Gettysburg. The Confederates won control of the town. For the first two days the confederate army attacked Cemetery Ridge. During General Pickett's famous charge some confederates reached union lines. They fought for days until July 4th where Meade had a good chance of crushing the confederates. But he didn't and Lee retreated to safety. | |
| 47550086 | New Amsterdam | was a 17th-century Dutch colonial settlement that later became the city now known as New York City. | |
| 47550087 | Harvard College | In 1639 it was re-named in honor of the deceased John Harvard, a minister from nearby Charlestown, who in his will had bequeathed to it his entire library and a sum of money equal to half his estate. | |
| 47550088 | Edmund Andros | was an early colonial English governor in North America, and head of the short-lived Dominion of New England. The Dominion initially consisted of Massachusetts (including Maine), Plymouth Colony, Rhode Island, Connecticut and New Hampshire, and was extended to include New York and the Jerseys in 1688. | |
| 47550089 | College of William and Mary | Named in honor of the reigning monarchs King William III and Queen Mary II, the College was one of the original Colonial colleges. The Charter named James Blair as the College's first president (a lifetime appointment which he held until his death in 1743). William & Mary was founded as an Anglican institution | |
| 47550090 | James Oglethorpe | Founded Georgia where debtor's from Britain would be sent | |
| 47550091 | Queen Anne's War | the second in a series of five French and Indian Wars fought between France and England (later Great Britain)[1] in North America for control of the continent and was the counterpart of the War of the Spanish Succession in Europe. In addition to the two main combatants, the war also involved a number of American Indian tribes and Spain, which was allied with France. Under terms of the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht, Britain gained Acadia (which they renamed Nova Scotia), the island of Newfoundland, the Hudson Bay region, and the Caribbean island of St. Kitts. France was required to recognize British suzerainty over the Iroquois, and commerce with the far Native Americans would be open to all nations. | |
| 47550092 | Molasses Act | The Molasses Act of March 1733 was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain (citation 6 Geo II. c. 13), which imposed a tax of six pence per gallon on molasses from non-British colonies. Parliament created the act largely at the insistence of large plantation owners in the British West Indies.[1] The Act was not passed for the purpose of raising revenue, but rather to regulate trade by making British products cheaper than those from the French West Indies. | |
| 47550093 | Albany Congress | a meeting of representatives of seven of the British North American colonies in 1754 (specifically, Connecticut, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, Pennsylvania, and Rhode Island). The Congress is notable for producing Benjamin Franklin's Albany Plan of Union, an early attempt to form a union of the colonies that would remain under the authority of the British crown. | |
| 47550094 | Stamp Act Congress | The Stamp Act Congress was a meeting in the building that would become Federal Hall in New York City on October 19, 1765 consisting of delegates from 9 of the 13 colonies that discussed and acted upon the recently passed Stamp Act. | |
| 47550095 | Declaratory Act | an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain in 1766, during America's colonial period, one of a series of resolutions passed attempting to regulate the behavior of the colonies and cancel the majority of the effects of the Stamp Act. It stated that Parliament had the right to make laws for the colonies "in all cases whatsoever". | |
| 47550096 | Townshend Duties | The purpose of the Townshend Acts was to raise revenue in the colonies to pay the salaries of governors and judges so that they would be independent of colonial control, to create a more effective means of enforcing compliance with trade regulations, to punish the province of New York for failing to comply with the 1765 Quartering Act, and to establish the precedent that the British Parliament had the right to tax the colonies. The Townshend Acts met with resistance in the colonies, prompting the occupation of Boston by British troops in 1768, which eventually resulted in the Boston Massacre of 1770. | |
| 47550097 | Battle of New Orleans | American forces, commanded by General Andrew Jackson, defeated an invading British Army intent on seizing New Orleans and the vast territory America had acquired with the Louisiana Purchase. | |
| 47550098 | 1808 Slavery | The importation of slaves into the United States is banned; this is also the earliest day under the United States Constitution that an amendment can be made restricting slavery. | |
| 47550099 | Bank of United States | The First Bank of the United States was a bank chartered by the United States Congress on February 25, 1791. The charter was for 20 years. The Bank was created to handle the financial needs and requirements of the central government of the newly formed United States, which had previously been thirteen individual colonies with their own banks, currencies, and financial institutions and policies. Officially proposed by Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury, to the first session of the First Congress in 1790, the concept for the Bank had both its support and origin in and among Northern merchants and more than a few New England state governments. It was, however, eyed with great suspicion by the representatives of the Southern States, whose chief industry, agriculture, did not require centrally concentrated banks, and whose feelings of states' rights and suspicion of Northern motives ran strong. | |
| 47550100 | "kitchen Cabinet" | a term used by political opponents of President of the United States Andrew Jackson to describe the collection of unofficial advisers he consulted in parallel to the United States Cabinet | |
| 47550101 | ordinance of Nullification | declared the tariff of 1828 and 1832 null and void within the state borders of South Carolina. It began the Nullification Crisis. Passed by a state convention on November 24, 1832, it led, on December 10, to President Andrew Jackson's proclamation against South Carolina, which sent a naval flotilla and a threat of sending government ground troops to enforce the tariffs. In the face of the military threat, and following a Congressional revision of the tariff, South Carolina repealed the ordinance. | |
| 47550102 | Force Bill | (enacted March 2, 1833) authorized U.S. President Andrew Jackson's use of whatever force necessary to enforce tariffs. It was intended to suppress South Carolina's nullification of tariffs. | |
| 47550103 | Oberlin College | founded in 1833 by a pair of Presbyterian ministers, John Shipherd and Philo P. Stewart. Shipherd and Stewart's vision was for both a religious community and school. | |
| 47550104 | Frederick Law Olmsted | an American journalist, landscape designer and father of American landscape architecture. Frederick was famous for designing many well-known urban parks, including Central Park and Prospect Park in New York City.[2] Other projects include the country's oldest coordinated system of public parks and parkways in Buffalo, New York; the country's oldest state park, the Niagara Reservation in Niagara Falls | |
| 47550105 | Webster-Ashburton Treaty | signed August 9, 1842, was a treaty resolving several border issues between the United States and the British North American colonies, particularly a dispute over the location of the Maine-New Brunswick border. | |
| 47550106 | John Deere | an American blacksmith and manufacturer who founded Deere & Company— the largest agricultural and construction equipment manufacturers in the world. Born in Rutland, Vermont, Deere moved to Illinois and invented the first commercially successful steel plow in 1837. | |
| 47550107 | Commonwealth v Hunt | In1842 a landmark legal decision issued by the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court on the subject of labor unions. This legalized the existence of trade organizations, though trade unions would continue to be harassed legally through anti-trust suits and injunctions. | |
| 47550108 | Panic of 1857 | a sudden downturn in the economy of the United States that occurred in 1857.[1] A general recession first emerged late in 1856, but the successive failure of banks and businesses that characterized the panic began in mid-1857. While the overall economic downturn was brief, the recovery was unequal, and the lasting impact was more political than economic. | |
| 47550109 | Free Soilers | The party leadership consisted of former anti-slavery members of the Whig Party and the Democratic Party. Its main purpose was opposing the expansion of slavery into the western territories, arguing that free men on free soil comprised a morally and economically superior system to slavery. They opposed slavery in the new territories and worked to remove existing laws that discriminated against freed blacks in states such as Ohio. The party membership was largely absorbed by the Republican Party in 1854. | |
| 47550110 | Confederate States of America | South Carolina , Mississippi , Florida, Alabama , Georgia , Louisiana, Texas, Virginia, Arkansas , North Carolina, Tennessee and President Jefferson Davis | |
| 47550111 | Crittenden Compromise | an unsuccessful proposal by Kentucky Senator John J. Crittenden to resolve the U.S. secession crisis of 1860-1861 by addressing the concerns that led the states in the Deep South of the United States to contemplate secession from the United States. | |
| 47550112 | Ex parte Merryman | a well-known U.S. federal court case which arose out of the American Civil War. Against President Abraham Lincoln's wishes, Chief Justice Roger Taney, sitting as a judge of the United States Circuit Court for the District of Maryland, ruled: "1. That the president [...] cannot suspend the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus, nor authorize a military officer to do it. 2. That a military officer has no right to arrest and detain a person not subject to the rules and articles of war [...] except in aid of the judicial authority, and subject to its control." | |
| 47550113 | Homestead Act | one of several United States Federal laws that gave an applicant freehold title up to 160 acres (1/4 section) of undeveloped land outside of the original 13 colonies. The new law required three steps: file an application, improve the land, and file for deed of title. Anyone who had never taken up arms against the U.S. Government, including freed slaves, could file an application and improvements to a local land office. | |
| 47550114 | Morrill Land Grant Act | Under the act, each eligible state received a total of 30,000 acres (120 km2) of federal land, either within or contiguous to its boundaries, for each member of congress the state had as of the census of 1860. This land, or the proceeds from its sale, was to be used toward establishing and funding the educational institutions described above. | |
| 47550115 | Reconstruction Acts | Creation of five military districts in the seceded states not including Tennessee, which had ratified the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution and was readmitted to the Union. Requiring congressional approval for new state constitutions (which were required for Confederate states to rejoin the Union). Confederate states give voting rights to all men.All former Confederate states must ratify the 14th Amendment. President Andrew Johnson's vetoes of these measures were overridden by Congress | |
| 47550116 | Rutherford B. Hayes | an American politician, lawyer, military leader and the 19th President of the United States (1877-1881). Hayes was elected President by one electoral vote after the highly disputed election of 1876. Losing the popular vote to his opponent, Samuel Tilden, Hayes was the only president whose election was decided by a congressional commission. | |
| 47550117 | Compromise of 1877 | n informal, unwritten deal that settled the disputed 1876 U.S. Presidential election. Through it, Republican Rutherford B. Hayes was awarded the White House over Democrat Samuel J. Tilden on the understanding that Hayes would remove the federal troops that were propping up Republican state governments in South Carolina, Florida and Louisiana. |
