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| 11354389636 | Poor Richard's Almanack | Widely read annual pamphlet edited by Benjamin Franklin. Best known for its proverbs and aphorisms emphasizing thrift, industry, morality, and common sense | 0 | |
| 11354389637 | Phyllis Wheatley | (ca. 1753-1784) African American poet who overcame the barriers of slavery to publish two collections of her poems. As a young girl, Wheatley lived in Boston; she was later taken to England, where she found a publisher willing to distribute her work. | 1 | |
| 11354389638 | John Singleton Copley | (1737-1815) Massachusetts-born artist best known for his portraits of prominent colonial Americans, including Samuel Adams and Paul Revere. A Loyalist during the Revolutionary War, Copley spent the rest of his life in London, painting portraits of British aristocrats and depicting scenes from English history. | 2 | |
| 11354389639 | John Trumbull | (1756-1843) Connecticut-born painter who, like many of his contemporaries, traveled to England to pursue his artistic ambitions. Trumbull was best known for his depictions of key events in the American Revolution, including the signing of the Declaration of Independence. | 3 | |
| 11354389640 | New Lights | Ministers who took part in the revivalist, emotive religious tradition pioneered by George Whitefield during the Great Awakening. | 4 | |
| 11354389641 | Old Lights | Orthodox clergymen who rejected the emotionalism of the Great Awakening in favor of a more rational spirituality. | 5 | |
| 11354389642 | George Whitefield | (1714-1770) Itinerant English preacher whose rousing sermons throughout the American colonies drew vast audiences and sparked a wave of religious conversion, the First Great Awakening. Whitefield's emotionalism distinguished him from traditional, "old light," ministers who embraced a more reasoned, stoic approach to religious practice. | 6 | |
| 11354389643 | Jonathan Edwards | (1703-1758) New England minister ***** fiery sermons ("Sinner at the Hands of an Angry God") helped touch off the First Great Awakening. Edwards emphasized human helplessness and depravity and touted that salvation could be attained through God's grace alone. | 7 | |
| 11354389644 | Great Awakening | Religious revival that swept the colonies. Participating ministers, most notably George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards, placed an emphasis on direct, emotive spirituality. A Second Great Awakening arose in the 19th century. | 8 | |
| 11354389645 | Jacobus Arminius | (1560-1609) Dutch theologian who rejected predestination, preaching that salvation could be attained through the acceptance of God's grace and was open to all, not just the elect. | 9 | |
| 11354389646 | Arminianism | Belief that salvation is offered to all humans but is conditional on acceptance of God's grace. Different from Calvinism, which emphasizes predestination and unconditional election. | 10 | |
| 11354389647 | Molasses Act | Tax on imported molasses passed by Parliament in an effort to squelch the North American trade with the French West Indies. It proved largely ineffective due to widespread smuggling. | 11 | |
| 11354389648 | Triangular Trade | Exchange of run, slaves, and molasses between the North American colonies, Africa, and the West Indies. A small but immensely profitable subset of the Atlantic trade. | 12 | |
| 11354389649 | South Carolina Slave Revolt (Stono Rebellion) | Uprising of more than fifty South Carolina blacks along the Stono River. They attempted to reach Spanish Florida but were stopped by the South Carolina militia. | 13 | |
| 11354389650 | New York Slave Revolt | Uprising of approximately two dozen enslaved Africans that resulted in the deaths of nine whites and thhe brutal execution of 21 participating blacks. | 14 | |
| 11354389651 | Michel-Guillaume Jean de Crèvecœur | (1735-1813) French settler whose essays depicted life in the North American colonies and described what he saw as a new American identity—an amalgam of multiple ethnicities and cultures. | 15 | |
| 11354389652 | Regulator Movement | Eventuall violent uprising of backcountry settlers (Scots-Irish) in North Carolina against unfair taxation and the control of colonial affairs by the seaboard elite. | 16 | |
| 11354389653 | Paxton Boys | Armed march on Philadelphia by Scots-Irish frontiersmen in protest against the Quaker establishment's lenient policies toward Native Americans. | 17 | |
| 11354389654 | Proprietary Colonies | Colonies—Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Delaware—under the control of local proprietors, who appointed colonial governors. | 18 | |
| 11354389655 | Royal Colonies | Colonies where governors were directly appointed by the king. Though often competent admins, the governors frequently ran into trouble with colonial legislatures, which resented the imposition of control from across the Atlantic. | 19 | |
| 11354389656 | Zenger trial | New York libel case against John Peter Zenger that established the principle that truthful statements about public officials could not be prosecuted as libel. | 20 | |
| 11354389657 | John Peter Zenger | (1697-1746) New York printer tried for seditious livel against the state's corrupt royal governor. His acquittal set an important precedent for freedom of the press. | 21 |
