Battles, people and documents involved in the American Revolution
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| 973162625 | Chapter 8- America Secedes from the Empire 1775-1783 | ... | 1 | |
| 972673665 | • Lexington and Concord, April 1775 | First armed conflict, victory for the US WON | 2 | |
| 972673666 | • Ft. Ticonderoga, May 1775- | Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold capture British forts Ticonderoga and Crown point WON | 3 | |
| 972673667 | • Bunker (Breed's) Hill, June 1775- British | British attack three times and the US eventually run out of ammunition, but this is a successful attack for the Continentals as they wipe out the British from the hill WON | 4 | |
| 972673668 | • Battle of Long Island, August 1776- | US forces forced to retreat to Manhattan, then to New Jersey LOSS | 5 | |
| 972673669 | • Battle of Trenton, December 1776- | Hessian army crushed in Washington's raid across the Delaware River WON | 6 | |
| 972673670 | • Battle of Princeton, January 1777- | US recovers New Jersey from British in 10 days. British retreat to New York, where they remain for the rest of the war WON | 7 | |
| 972673671 | • Battle of Brandywine Creek and Germantown, September and October 1777- | British seize Philadelphia after these victories LOST | 8 | |
| 972673672 | • Battle of Saratoga, October 17th, 1777- | Turning point of the war. British attempted to capture NY and cut off New England. Arnold slowed down Burgoyne who surrendered 5,800 troop to General Gates. Victory led to alliance with France WON | 9 | |
| 972673673 | • Battle of Monmouth, June 1778- | US army almost captured British, but cowardice allowed British forces to escape LOST | 10 | |
| 972673674 | • Battle of Charleston, December 1779- | British gain control of South with victory here LOST | 11 | |
| 972673675 | • Battle of King's Mountain, October 1780- | Battle between the Loyalists (Tories) and the Patriots and was a major Patriot victory WON | 12 | |
| 972673676 | • Battle of Yorktown, October 19th, 1781- | Cornwallis surrenders to Washington as French and American naval and land forces trap British on peninsula; British reinforcements arrive too late WON | 13 | |
| 972673677 | Privateers | Legalized pirates that Congress allowed to help fight in the war. Privateers secured gold, morale and assorted victories | 14 | |
| 972673678 | Hessians | German soldiers who were paid to fight for the British | 15 | |
| 972673679 | Loyalists/Tories | American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence | 16 | |
| 972673680 | Ethan Allen | A solider of the American Revolution whose troops helped capture Fort Ticonderoga from the British | 17 | |
| 972673681 | Benedict Arnold | United States general and traitor who was paid off to join the British even though he helped with major wins such as Ft. Ticonderoga and Trenton | 18 | |
| 972673682 | Thomas Paine | American Revolutionary leader and pamphleteer who supported the American colonists' fight for independence and wrote a series of pamphlets called Common Sense that would help convince people as to why it was rational to separate from England. He also wrote pamphlets that raised US soldiers' spirits during the war | 19 | |
| 972673683 | Richard Henry Lee | Leader of the American Revolution who proposed the resolution calling for independence in America | 20 | |
| 972673684 | Lord Charles Cornwallis | The commander of British troops in the South, best known for his defeat at the Battle of Yorktown | 21 | |
| 972673685 | William Howe | He lead hundreds of British ships and 32,00 British soldiers to New York and offered Congress the choice between surrender with royal pardon and a battle against the odds which the Americans, of course, rejected | 22 | |
| 972673686 | John Burgoyne | British general in the American revolution who captured Ft. Ticonderoga, but lost the battle of Saratoga in 1777 | 23 | |
| 972673687 | Benjamin Franklin | Printer, author, inventor, diplomat, statesman and Founding Father. One of the few Americans who was highly respected in Europe and was also sent over as an ambassador to negotiate the Treaty of Alliance | 24 | |
| 972673688 | Nathanael Greene | "The Fighting Quaker" American general of Rhode Island, helped to turn the tide against Cornwallis and his British army by using geography of land | 25 | |
| 972673689 | Joseph Brant | Mohawk leader who supported the British during the American Revolution | 26 | |
| 972673690 | George Rogers Clark | Leader of a small Patriot force that captured British-controlled Fort Vincennes in the Ohio Valley in 1779, secured the Northwest Territory for America. Came up with the brilliant idea to seize scattered British forts down the Illinois area using the element of surprise | 27 | |
| 972673691 | Admiral de Grasse | French admiral who fought in the West Indies and offered to help Washington in Yorktown | 28 | |
| 972673692 | Commander Rochambeau | Commander in Chief of the French force in the United States. Helped with the victory at Yorktown | 29 | |
| 972673693 | George Washington | A wealthy Virginia planter/military man who fought in the French and Indian war and was chosen by the Continental Congress as commander of the American army primarily because of his military abilities and experience | 30 | |
| 972673694 | Marquis de Lafayette | Passionate in the US cause, this French general traveled to America to help aid in the war and trained troops at Valley Forge. Was also involved in the Battle of Brandywine | 31 | |
| 972673695 | Baron von Steuben | Prussian born drillmaster who was introduced to Washington by Franklin, made the Continentals a professional army at Valley Forge | 32 | |
| 972673696 | Thomas Jefferson | Author of an explanatory indictment, signed on July 4thm 1776, that accused George II of establishing a military dictatorship | 33 | |
| 972673697 | John Paul Jones | American naval commander who successfully harassed British shipping | 34 | |
| 972673698 | John Jay | irst Chief Justice of the United States, involved in Treaty of Paris | 35 | |
| 972673699 | Olive Branch Petition, 1775 | A document of American colonial grievances addressed to King George III and signed by members of the Continental Congress. When this document was delivered (by Richard Penn), the king refused to see him or the document. It was an effort by the Americans to resolve differences with Britain and to avert the Revolutionary War | 36 | |
| 972673700 | Common Sense, 1776 | Pamphlet written in America by Englishman Thomas Paine that called for American independence and a union of the American colonies, and as propaganda, it influenced colonists to pursue both in the Revolutionary War | 37 | |
| 972673701 | Declaration of Independence, July 4th, 1776 | The Congress met in Philadelphia and Henry Lee said, "these united colonies are and ought to be free, independent states." They moved to meet on July 2nd, 1776. The Congress met again in Philadelphia to discuss Thomas Jefferson's document explaining Richard Henry Lee's proposition. Jefferson included what he felt to be natural rights as well as all of the wrong-doings of King George III, which included cutting off trade, imposing taxes and causing a lot of hostility in the recent months and years. All men who signed this document were committing treason and would be hanged if they lost the war | 38 | |
| 972673702 | Treaty of Alliance, 1778 | The Continental Congress had drafted a treaty in which they were going to propose to France. The colonists were in need of supplies and naval ships in order to stand a chance against the British. Benjamin Franklin, who was well-repsected in Europe, was sent over to negotiate. The French were eager to avenge England after the Seven Years' War (French and Indian War) After the Battle of Saratoga, which confirmed their faith in the colonists, the French signed the Treaty of Alliance on February 6th 1778 | 39 | |
| 972673703 | Treaty of Paris, 1783 | Officially ended the American Revolutionary War. John Adams, John Jay and Benjamin Franklin negotiated this. In the Treaty of Paris, Britain recognized the United States as an independent nation. US expands from the Atlantic to the Mississippi River. Also had fishing rights in Newfoundland. David Harley and Richard Oswald represented England. Spain gets Florida in the treaty for being our ally. Spain also controls land west of the Mississippi (Spanish Louisiana), but this is just kind of the way it is. England was very generous in this Treaty because they still wanted a positive trading network in the US | 40 | |
| 973162626 | Chapter 9-The Confederation and the Constitution 1776-1790 | ... | 41 | |
| 973162627 | Slavery after the war | o Slavery was first debated in 1775 o Quakers were the first to actively protest against slavery o Many southerners needed slaves as a labor resource o Some Americans had actually come to adopt the mentality that black people were inferior to white people | 42 | |
| 973162628 | Women after the war | o Women gain some sort of social equality o Republican Motherhood | 43 | |
| 973162629 | Loyalists after the war | o Become big-time Federalists o Some were very important in securing the passage of the Constitution o Do not enjoy social equality | 44 | |
| 973162630 | Problems in the 1780s | • No fair trade with England-forced to find new markets • Spain and Indians were hostile • France demanded payments for war debt • Pirates of the Barbary state (poor respect) • Quarrelling amongst the states (poor harmony) • Armed rebellion within the states | 45 | |
| 973162631 | Pros of the Articles of Confederation | Set boundaries for future American government, sent negotiators for the Treaty of Paris, kept the country together, could make treaties, could declare war, could establish post offices, could manage Indian affairs, could make laws for commerce | 46 | |
| 973162632 | Cons of the Articles of Confederation | Had no centralized power, no national court system, Congress could only ask for money and army enlistment, paper continental dollars were worthless, foreign nations did not respect our territory, took four years to ratify, every state had its own currency, which was a major inconvenience and the greatest weakness was that it was unable to regulate commerce or collect taxes from the sovereign states | 47 | |
| 973162633 | Land Ordinance of 1785 | • This was a red-letter law which stated that the disputed land of the Old Northwest (today's Midwest) was to be equally divided into townships (6 miles by 6 miles) and sold for federal income • It also promoted education (by reserving section #16 for schools) and ended confusing legal disagreements over land | 48 | |
| 973162634 | The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 | • This answered the question, "How will new states be made? • It said that sections of land were similar to colonies for awhile, and under the control of the Federal Government • Once a territory was inhabited by 60,000 people, then Congress would review its constitution and admit it as a state • Slavery was permitted in the Northwest territories • Plan became a model for other frontier areas | 49 | |
| 973162635 | Shays' Rebellion | • Rebellion lead by Daniel Shays, who was an officer in the Continental Army • Farmers still owed mortgage after buying a lot of land during a food demand surplus • Some of these people became "debtors," 80% of prisoners were actually these people • Daniel Shays thought that the courts were in cahoots with the Eastern creditors that were currently fighting with the western farmers • Suggested that courthouses be surrounded by a riot in order to close courthouses and protest the people being arrested as debtors • James Bowden, the governor of Massachusetts, raises money to form a mercenary army to put down the rebellion • Shay raises an armory at the sound of this, military clashes occur here • After the battle, the rebellion disbanded • Caused change in the Articles of Confederation • Motivated people to desire a stronger central government | 50 | |
| 973162636 | Constitutional Convention, 1787 | • 55 prestigious delegates met in Philadelphia between May and June of 1787 to address the problems of the weak central government that existed under the Articles of Confederation o The delegates quickly decided to totally scrap the Articles and create a new Constitution | 51 | |
| 973162637 | The Virginia Plan | Proposed by Governor Edmund Randolph. • A government with three branches: legislative (to make laws), executive (to enforce laws) and judicial (to interpret laws) • A council was to be formed from the executive and judicial branches with the power to veto, or refuse, any law proposed by the legislative branch • A bicameral, or two-house, legislature with membership decided on the basis of a state's population. Thus, the more people who lived in the state, the more power it had | 52 | |
| 973162638 | The New Jersey Plan | Proposed by William Patterson. • Three branch government • A unicameral, or one house, legislature. Each state, regardless of size, would have one vote. The states would also hold the power to tax • The executive branch would be led by one person • The judicial branch would have a Supreme Court | 53 | |
| 973162639 | George Mason | Expresses the need for a Bill of Rights, wants to protect the American people | 54 | |
| 973162640 | Alexander Hamilton | Helps to write The Federalist Papers | 55 | |
| 973162641 | James Madison | took notes during the convention and has no intention of ever using the Articles of Confederation ever again and instead proposed the idea for a new government with three branches (executive branch- enforces, upper/lower house- creates and the judiciary branch interprets), and upper house and a lower house, states will represented in proportion to their government... | 56 | |
| 973162642 | The Great Compromise | • The Great Compromised was worked out so that Congress would have two houses, the House of Representatives, where representation was based on population (two year terms) and the Senate, where each state got two representatives that served for six years • Three branches of government | 57 | |
| 973162643 | Checks and Balances | • This was a principle of government under which separate branches are employed to prevent actions by the other branches and are induced to share power | 58 | |
| 973162644 | Electoral College | This was a group of electors chosen by the people to elect the president of the United States in every election year. o This system was born alongside the U.S. Constitution. o The reasoning for forming it was that many conservatives simply felt the common man was too ignorant to make wise decisions on such important matters. o An electoral college of educated men would fix this. o This system is a way of speeding up presidential elections and is still in force today. The electors of each state must reflect the interests of the people within their respective states during each election. After the people in a state have voted, the votes are tallied. Whichever candidate has the most votes gets all of that state's votes in the Electoral College | 59 | |
| 973162645 | 3/5th Compromise | • Southerners wanted slaves to count as a part of their population to gain more representation in the government • However, if the slaves counted as people, the North could tax them • They decided to count slaves as 3/5th of a person • So, even if the South had more representation, they would have to pay taxes o Extra tax tidbit- government could tax imports, but not exports | 60 | |
| 973162646 | Federalists | • The Federalists favored the proposed stronger government o Federalists were more respectable and generally embraced the cultured and propertied groups, and many were former Loyalists. o Pennsylvania, Delaware, New Jersey, Connecticut, Massachusetts (at first reluctant), Georgia, South Carolina, New Hampshire and Maryland | 61 | |
| 973162647 | Anti-Federalists | • The Anti-Federalists cried that it was drawn up by aristocratic elements and was therefore anti-democratic o Mostly poor farmer, the illiterate and states' rights devotees o They decried the dropping of annual elections of congressional representatives and the erecting of what would become Washington DC o Virginia, North Carolina, New York and Rhode Island were all hesitant | 62 | |
| 973162648 | Federalist Papers | These were a series of articles written in New York newspapers as a source of propaganda for a stronger central government. The articles, written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison, were a way for the writers to express their belief that it is better to have a stronger central government. The papers turned out to be a penetrating commentary written on the Constitution. Most famous of these were | 63 |
