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| 3685578454 | industrial protest | peasants were unhappy bc they had barely any land or political say and mobile dissidents (rebels) spread their ideas.Anarchists relied on terror tactics and killings and wanted all authority from local gov elected by everyone. | 0 | |
| 3685595848 | intelligentsia | College kids and the intellectual class were in the revolt for political reform and social change, getting inspo from W Euro socialism, hating individualism, materialism, and capitalism | 1 | |
| 3685633967 | repression of revolts | 1873-76: anarchists and radicals went to the countryside to rouse peasants but they didn't understand the speeches and the police under Tsarist authorities sentenced them to jail or Siberia, resorting to oppression- censorship of publications and a secret police to infiltrate and break up rebels. This just encouraged radicalism. Baltic (Poland, Ukraine, Georgia, C Asia): people used their own languages to found separatist movements for independence and tsarists responded with Russification to stop languages other than Russian and restrict education options. Jews were also targeted and pogroms were supported so they migrated to the W in the late 1800s | 2 | |
| 3685645137 | Land and Freedom Party | 1876 promoted the killing of high officials to push gov to reform. '79- the terrorist part People's Will tried to kill Alexander II who freed serfs and launched a reform program and eventually a carriage bomb killed him in '81. This ended the era of reform and caused more tsarist oppression | 3 | |
| 3685651574 | Nicholas II | good intentions, bad ruler, supported oppression and police control and deflected national issues/ settle revolts by trying to expand to E Asia (Korea and Manchuria). This leads to the Russo-Japanese war bc they both wanted same land from 1904-5 and destroyed Russia's navy | 4 | |
| 3685662227 | The Revolution of 1905 | This uprising of the Russian people, sparked by the country's loss in the Russo-Japanese War, forced Tsar Nicholas II to introduce a number of liberal reforms, including the granting of a constitution -- Within a few years, however, the most substantial concessions had been undone | 5 | |
| 3685666840 | Bloody Sunday Massacre | workers stormed tsar's Winter Palace in St. Petersburg to get Nicolas to have an elected assembly but troops fired, killing 130 and sparking peasant, military, and student revolts. Soviet council made by factory workers to negotiate and strike were formed and peasants wanted to attack lords | 6 | |
| 3685674233 | Sergei Witte | made peace negotiations with Japan and urged Nicolas to make a legislative branch- Romanovs came up with the weak Duma that helped nothing. Chaos continued especially in the Baltics but they were stopped violently by the gov | 7 | |
| 3685688508 | Modern Imperialism | Euro people coined the term, referring to dominating other Euro powers and later the US and Japan from war force, trade, investment, and business so they don't always have to use political control | 8 | |
| 3685704238 | Modern Colonialism | needed to carry on their nations and was good for personal health too: some international merchants became very rich from ventures in Asia/Africa and argued for foreign policies | 9 | |
| 3685715753 | Cecil Rhodes | British colonial financier and statesman in South Africa made a fortune in gold and diamond mining; helped colonize the territory now known as Zimbabwe | 10 | |
| 3685727512 | Economic Motives | natural resources that were sought after during industrialization like rubber (Amazon), tin (SE Asia), copper and petroleum (USA and Russia), Colonies would also act as consumers for their products and as an overflow place for migrants but independent regions were more consumers | 11 | |
| 3685734590 | Political Motives | Colonies served a political and military purpose- harbors and supply stations for ships. Expansion relieved domestic tensions and inspired patriotism | 12 | |
| 3685746443 | Justifications of Imperialism | Missionaries sought converts in Asia and Africa and their settlements served as distribution centers. French mission civilatrice, white man's burden, social darwinism | 13 | |
| 3685759204 | Rudyard Kipling | (1864-1936) said that the white man's burden was to bring order and enlighten distant lands | 14 | |
| 3685783130 | steamboats | very useful and then the Brit navy brought it to the navy and used it on large iron boats with guns that were now faster and flexible, spreading industrialization. 1842- British Nemesis sailed up the Yangzi to end Opium War. delivered messages across the world in 4 months vs. 2 years and after the Suez canal, <2 weeks | 15 | |
| 3685798909 | advanced firearms | smoothbore, muzzle loading muskets that can cause a lot of damage but are hard to reload and aim, Later breech-loading that were more reliable and by 1880s they used the maxim machine gun, 11bps | 16 | |
| 3685802000 | Omdurman | Battle between British and Mahdi forces took place here. Britain wanted to show that their superiorly commanded armies and advanced weaponry could defeat a larger, less advanced army. Around 10,000 Mahdists were killed, while only 47 British were killed. | 17 | |
| 3685809712 | Telegraph | made message exchange faster but first only over land and then it went global by 1900 | 18 | |
| 3685852912 | British E India Co | Post-Aurangzeb Mughal empire was weak and they took adv and expanded its trading posts from Calcutta, Madras, and Bombay to local authorities and eventually getting authority from Mughal emperors, enforcing this with a small army and many Indian troops (sepoys) | 19 | |
| 3685860145 | Cawnpore | sepoys got English cartridge rifles encased in animal fat that they refused to bite off because of Hindu and Muslim anti-beef/pork laws so Hindu sepoys, joined by some peasants and elites, revolted, killing British officers and demanding a return to Mughal rule but they all had different ideas and British had powerful weapons and telegraphs. sepoys massacred an entire British settlement and Brits retaliated by executing all rebels by canon and restored British rule by 1858 | 20 | |
| 3685876835 | Queen Victoria | (reign 1837-1901) stabilized British rule by replacing the BEIC with direct imperial rule under a viceroy and civil service (all English people), handling all domestic and foreign policy, and Indians served in lower gov positions | 21 | |
| 3685903098 | sati | Hindu widows killing themselves on their husbands' funeral pyres in 1829 | 22 | |
| 3685912113 | Great Game | Russian and British explorers in C Asia mapped, scouted mtns, allied with Afghani to Aral rulers to get ready to fight for India but WWI in 1914 and tsar collapse in '17 stopped it from happening but much of C Asia was now under Russian dominance and will be until '91 | 23 | |
| 3685930658 | Philippines | conquered by Spain and many other SE islands were by the Dutch (Dutch E Indies/Indonesia). The Dutch had a tight rule because of competition and the DEIC's value of cash crops like sugar, tea, rubber, tobacco, and tin | 24 | |
| 3685960427 | British Colonies in SE Asia | trade expansion in Burma in the Irrawaddy River delta; and by the '80s, they colonized it for teak, ivory, rubies, and jade sources | 25 | |
| 3685964376 | Thomas Stanford Raffles | founded the port of Singapore, the busiest trade center in the Strait of Melaka and Singapore was a Brit naval base for the conquering of Malaya (Malaysia) for tin and rubber | 26 | |
| 3685967349 | French Indochina | couldn't get India so they got Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos (everywhere except Siam bc it was in-between Brit and French) from 1859-'93 and introduced Euro schools and connected with native elites. They encouraged Christianity and the RCC especially in Vietnam. | 27 | |
| 3685983375 | Ram Mohan Roy | (1772-1833) A prominent Bengali intellectual "father of modern India"- wanted a society that combined modern Euro science with Hindu Indian tradition, supported some British policies like the ending of sati and worked with Christian reformers to improve women's edu and property rights and constantly wrote about encouraging Hindus to help reform socially | 28 | |
| 3685995172 | reform societies in India | grew in India, supporting mostly upper-caste Hindus and some Muslims and very few peasants, calling for independence or more Indian representation that were led by Euro educated Indians that drew upon Enlightenment values | 29 | |
| 3686026569 | Indian National Congress | A British-approved reform forum founded in 1885 for Indians to communicate with colonial officials about public affairs, poverty, wealth transfer, trade, tariff policies that hurt Indian business, relief for drought and famine areas, and racism toward Indians. Eventually they were allowed to mostly self-rule with the All-India Muslim League in 1916 (25% of Indian pop) | 30 | |
| 3686044235 | indian independence | 1909- colonial officials allowed Indian elites to elect representatives for a local legislation but political reform was a mass movement for independence with demonstrations and British boycotts and even bombings and assassinations, used as a model for other colonies | 31 | |
| 3686140119 | James Cook | English explorer of the Pacific Ocean who first landed on the East Coast of Australia and discovered many islands in the Pacific. | 32 | |
| 3686204227 | New South Wales | 1788, one thousand settlers established colony, 1851, gold discovered; surge of European migration | 33 | |
| 3686211842 | New Zealand | Fertile soil and timber attracted European settlers, Europeans diseases dramatically reduced aboriginal populations, Large settler societies forced indigenous peoples onto marginal lands | 34 | |
| 3686255173 | pacific islands | whalers, merchants, some missionaries, and Late nineteenth century, European states sought coaling stations and naval ports.By 1900, all islands but Tonga claimed by France, Britain, Germany and United States. Island plantations produced sugarcane, copra, guano. no direct rule | 35 | |
| 3686273946 | Monroe Doctrine | 1823: proclamation by U.S. president James Monroe, Opposed European imperialism in the Americas; justified U.S. intervention, United States purchased Alaska from Russia in 1867, Hawaii became a protectorate in 1875, formally annexed in 1898 | 36 | |
| 3686278286 | Spanish-American War | (1898-99) United States defeated Spain and took over Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and Philippines, United States backed Filipino revolt against Spain, purchased and took over the colony, 1902-1904, bitter civil war killed two hundred thousand Filipinos, ended in U.S. victory | 37 | |
| 3686301041 | Panama Canal | 1903-1914 Colombian government refused U.S. request to build, United States helped rebels establish the state of Panama for the right to build, Completed in 1914; gave United States access to Atlantic and Pacific | 38 | |
| 3686316129 | Japanese expansion | 1870s, to the north: Hokkaido, Kurile islands, By 1879, to the south: Okinawa and Ryukyu Islands | 39 | |
| 3686332238 | Meiji imperialism | bought British warships, built up navy, established military academies 1876, imposed unequal treaties on Korea at gunpoint, Made plans to invade China | 40 | |
| 3686336897 | Sino-Japanese War | (1894-1895) Japan's imperialistic war against China to gain control of natural resources and markets for their goods. It ended with the Treaty of Portsmouth which granted Japan Chinese port city trading rights, control of Manchuria, the annexation of the island of Sakhalin, and Korea became its protectorate.war fought between China and Japan for influence over Korea; Japan's victory symbolized its successful modernization | 41 | |
| 3686343858 | Russo-Japanese War | (1904-5) caused by Russian competition with Japan over influences in Manchuria and Korea, Japan won with a peace treaty from Theodore Roosevelt; treaty of Portsmouth | 42 | |
| 3686403384 | indian cotton | Colonial rule transformed traditional production of crops and commodities- grown to serve British textile industry, Inexpensive imported textiles undermined Indian production | 43 | |
| 3686442163 | new crops | transformed landscape and society, Rain forests of Ceylon converted to tea plantations, Ceylonese women recruited to harvest tea, Rubber plantations transformed Malaya and Sumatra | 44 | |
| 3686454933 | euro migration | Fifty million migrated 1800-1914, over half to the United States, Other settler colonies in Canada, Argentina, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Most became cultivators, herders, or skilled laborers | 45 | |
| 3686462235 | non euro migtration | Indentured labor migration more typical, 2.5 million indentured laborers globally during 1820-1914, Indentured migrants work on tropical and subtropical plantations, Example: Indian laborers to Pacific island and Caribbean plantations, Japanese laborers to Hawaiian sugar plantations, Large-scale migrations reflected global influence of imperialism | 46 | |
| 3686476011 | Maji Maji rebellion | Rebellion of over 20 ethnic groups in East Africa against Germans that arose from the belief that ritual washing in magic water would turn Germans' bullets to water | 47 | |
| 3686479463 | Gobineau | Reactionary French racial thinker who believed the troubles of Western civilization were a result of intermarriage and the degeneration of the Aryan race | 48 | |
| 3686481848 | social darwinism | A social theory which states that the level a person rises to in society and wealth is determined by their genetic background. | 49 | |
| 3686637473 | David Livingstone | A British medical missionary who trekked through the dense tropical jungles of Africa for 30 years exploring the continent and looking for the source of the Nile River (Lake Victoria). He wanted to abolish slavery. | 50 | |
| 3686639094 | Henry Morton Stanley | British-American explorer of Africa, famous for his expeditions in search of Dr. David Livingstone. He helped King Leopold II establish the Congo Free State. | 51 | |
| 3686642838 | Richard Burton and John Speke | scientists from oxford who went on an exploration together of trying to find the source of the Nile river, argued over whether the source was lake Victoria or streams in the mountains, ruined their careers and friendship | 52 | |
| 3686648002 | King Leopold II | King of Belgium (r. 1865-1909).hired Henry Stanley to explore the Congo and establish treaties with local leaders (1880); controlled parts of Congo region himself as a private individual; renamed the region Congo Free State | 53 | |
| 3686653716 | Congo Free State | a large area in Central Africa that was privately controlled by Leopold II of Belgium. He was able to secretly treat the people of the colony on rubber plantations with forced labor and high taxes until he was forced to give it up to Belgium (belgian Congo) | 54 | |
| 3686665712 | Muhammad Ali | Leader of Egyptian modernization in the early nineteenth century. He ruled Egypt as an Ottoman governor, but had imperial ambitions. borrowed a lot from Euro and by the 1870s their debt made then tax heavily, which caused a military revolt. 1882- British occupied Egypt to protect $ interests and Suez canal- their communication with India | 55 | |
| 3686671562 | Afrikaners | South Africans (Cape Town) descended from Dutch and French settlers of the seventeenth century. Their Great Trek founded new settler colonies in the nineteenth century. Though a minority among South Africans, they held political power after 1910. | 56 | |
| 3686681611 | Zulu | beaten by the Afrikaners' firepower from divine expansion, creating the republics of Natal (British got in 1843), Orange Free State, and The S African territories (Transvaal) | 57 | |
| 3686696754 | South African War | 1899-1902 war between british and Boers, may be caused by the rise of Afrikaner nationalism, British claim over Orange free state and Transvaal because of the diamond and gold deposits, paved the way to single south african state in 1910 | 58 | |
| 3686710112 | berlin conference | (1884-1885) During European Imperialism, various European leaders met in Berlin, Germany to discuss plans for dividing Africa peacefully. These leaders had little regard for African independence, and had no representation for native Africans. This began the process of imperializing Africa. | 59 | |
| 3686715471 | Concessionary Companies | granted a lot of power to private companies to build RR, mines, and plantations, used forced labor and high taxes like the Belgian Congo. They didn't really work too well so they were mostly replaced with direct rule | 60 | |
| 3686717624 | Direct Rule | replaced local authorities with Euro rule like the French, justified rule with social Darwinism and White Man's Burden, but it was hard to find Euro people to rule | 61 | |
| 3686719608 | Indirect Rule | Euro control over people by local institutions like the British, worked the best in very organized African societies, and thought there were very clear tribe boundaries even though there weren't any | 62 | |
| 3686725929 | Maori | Indigenous Polynesian people of New Zealand, forced to sign the Treaty of Waitangi to put N Zea under Brit protection but this lead to mass displacement, the New Zealand wars, and the Maori King Movement | 63 |
