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| 13111416614 | cell division | The reproduction of cells |  | 0 |
| 13111416615 | cell cycle | An ordered sequence of events in the life of a cell, from its origin in the division of a parent cell until its own division into two |  | 1 |
| 13111416616 | genome | The genetic material of an organism or virus |  | 2 |
| 13111416617 | chromosome | A cellular structure consisting of one DNA molecule and associated protein molecules. A eukaryotic cell typically has multiple, linear forms, which are located in the nucleus. A prokaryotic cell often has a single, circular form, which is found in the nucleoid, a region that is not enclosed by a membrane. |  | 3 |
| 13111416618 | chromatin | The complex of DNA and proteins making up eukaryotic chromosomes. When the cell is not dividing, it exists in its dispersed form, as a mass of very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope. |  | 4 |
| 13111416619 | somatic cell | Body cell; any cell in a multicellular organism other than a sperm or egg cell or their precursors. |  | 5 |
| 13111416620 | gamete | A haploid reproductive cell, such as an egg or sperm. They unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote. |  | 6 |
| 13111416621 | sister chromatids | Two copies of a duplicated chromosome attached to each other by proteins at the centromere and, sometimes, along the arms. While joined, they make up one chromosome. They are eventually separated during mitosis or meiosis II. |  | 7 |
| 13111416622 | cohesin | Protein complex that attaches sister chromatids along their length. |  | 8 |
| 13111416623 | centromere | In a duplicated chromosome, the region on each sister chromatid where they are most closely attached to each other by proteins that bind to specific DNA sequences; this close attachment causes a constriction in the condensed chromosome. (An uncondensed, unduplicated chromosome has only one, which is identified by its DNA sequences.) |  | 9 |
| 13111416625 | mitosis | A process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells conventionally divided into five stages. |  | 10 |
| 13111416626 | cytokinesis | The division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells immediately after mitosis, meiosis I, or meiosis II. |  | 11 |
| 13111416627 | mitotic phase | The phase of the cell cycle that includes mitosis and cytokinesis. | | 12 |
| 13111416628 | interphase | The period in the cell cycle when the cell is not dividing. During this phase, cellular metabolic activity is high, chromosomes and organelles are duplicated, and cell size may increase. This phase often accounts for about 90% of the cell cycle. | | 13 |
| 13111416629 | G1 phase | The first gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase before DNA synthesis occurs. | | 14 |
| 13111416630 | Go phase | A nondividing state occupied by cells that have left the cell cycle, sometimes reversibly. Neurons and muscle cells enter this stage. | | 15 |
| 13111416631 | S phase | The "synthesis" phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated. | | 16 |
| 13111416632 | G2 phase | The second gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase after DNA synthesis occurs. | | 17 |
| 13111416633 | prophase | The first stage of mitosis, in which the chromatin condenses into discrete chromosomes visible with a light microscope, the mitotic spindle begins to form, and the nucleolus disappears but the nucleus remains intact. |  | 18 |
| 13111416634 | prometaphase | The second stage of mitosis, in which the nuclear envelope fragments and the spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the chromosomes. |  | 19 |
| 13111416635 | microtubule | A hollow rod composed of tubulin proteins that makes up part of the cytoskeleton in all eukaryotic cells and is found in cilia and flagella. |  | 20 |
| 13111416636 | metaphase | The third stage of mitosis, in which the spindle is complete and the chromosomes, attached to microtubules at their kinetochores, are all aligned at the midline of the cell. |  | 21 |
| 13111416637 | anaphase | The fourth stage of mitosis, in which the chromatids of each chromosome have separated and the daughter chromosomes are moving to the poles of the cell. |  | 22 |
| 13111416638 | telophase | The fifth and final stage of mitosis, in which daughter nuclei are forming and cytokinesis has typically begun. |  | 23 |
| 13111416639 | mitotic spindle | An assemblage of microtubules and associated proteins that is involved in the movement of chromosomes during mitosis. |  | 24 |
| 13111416640 | centrosome | A structure present in the cytoplasm of animal cells that functions as a microtubule-organizing center and is important during cell division. Has two centrioles. |  | 25 |
| 13111416641 | centriole | A structure in the centrosome of an animal cell composed of a cylinder of microtubule triplets arranged in a 9+0 pattern. |  | 26 |
| 13111416642 | aster | A radial array of short microtubules that extends from each centrosome toward the plasma membrane in an animal cell undergoing mitosis. | | 27 |
| 13111416643 | kinetochore | A structure of proteins attached to the centromere that links each sister chromatid to the mitotic spindle. |  | 28 |
| 13111416644 | metaphase plate | An imaginary structure located at a plane midway between the two poles of a cell in metaphase on which the centromeres of all the duplicated chromosomes are located. |  | 29 |
| 13111416646 | cleavage | The process of cytokinesis in animal cells, characterized by pinching of the plasma membrane. |  | 30 |
| 13111416647 | cleavage furrow | The first sign of cytokinesis in an animal cell; a shallow groove around the cell in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate. | | 31 |
| 13111416648 | cell plate | A membrane-bound, flattened sac located at the midline of a dividing plant cell, inside which the new cell wall forms during cytokinesis. |  | 32 |
| 13111416649 | binary fission | A method of asexual reproduction by "division in half". In prokaryotes, it does not involve mitosis, but in single-celled eukaryotes that have this process, mitosis is part of the process. |  | 33 |
| 13111416650 | origin of replication | Site where the replication of a DNA molecule begins, consisting of a specific sequence of nucleotides. |  | 34 |
| 13111416651 | cell cycle control system | A cyclically operating set of molecules in the eukaryotic cell that both triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle. |  | 35 |
| 13111416652 | checkpoint | A control point in the cell cycle where stop and go-ahead signals can regulate the cycle. |  | 36 |
| 13111416653 | growth factor | A protein that must be present in the extracellular environment (culture medium or animal body) for the growth and normal development of certain types of cells. |  | 37 |
| 13111416656 | apoptosis | programmed cell death involving a cascade of specific cellular events leading to death and destruction of the cell |  | 38 |
| 13111416658 | benign tumor | A mass of abnormal cells with specific genetic and cellular changes such that the cells are not capable of surviving at a new site and generally remain at the site of the tumor's origin. |  | 39 |
| 13111416659 | malignant tumor | A cancerous tumor containing cells that have significant genetic and cellular changes and are capable of invading and surviving in new sites. Can impair the functions of one or more organs. | | 40 |
| 13111416660 | metastasis | The spread of cancer cells to locations distant from their original site. |  | 41 |
