Chapter 12
Cell Division / Mitosis
Vocabulary: gene, cell division, chromosomes, somatic cells, gametes, chromatin, sister chromatids, centromere, mitosis, cytokinesis, meiosis, mitotic phase, interphase, centrosome, aster, kinetochore, cleavage furrow, cell plate, mitotic spindle, binary fission, transformation, benign tumor, malignant tumor, metastasis
Objectives:
After attending lectures and studying the chapter, the student should be able to:
1. Define gene as it relates to the genetic material in a cell.
2. Describe the composition of the genetic material in bacteria, in archaea, and in eukaryotic cells.
3. State the location of the genetic material in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
4. Distinguish between the structure of the genetic material as chromatin and as
chromosomes.
5. Distinguish between the function of the genetic material as chromatin and as
chromosomes.
6. Relating to eukaryotic cells:
a. Describe the centromere region in the genetic material.
b. State the role of cohesins in duplicated genetic material.
c. Describe the sister chromatids of a duplicated chromosome.
d. State the role of the kinetochores on the chromatids at the centromere of a duplicated
chromosome.
e. Describe spindle fibers and state their role in the separation of chromosomes during eukaryotic cell division.
f. Describe the role of centrosomes in the formation of the spindle apparatus.
g. Distinguish between a gene and an allele.
h. Describe homologous chromosomes.
i. Distinguish between an individual's genome and karyotype.
j. State the number of chromosomes in human haploid cells and in human diploid cells.
k. State which cells in humans are haploid, which cells are diploid, and which cells are neither.
7. State the two major parts of the cell cycle.
8. Describe the differences of growth characteristics between a cancerous (transformed) cell and a normal cell.
8. Relating to the prokaryotic cell cycle:
a. State the number of chromosomes in a prokaryotic cell.
b. State the cellular activities that occur during interphase.
c. Show the process of binary fission that is prokaryotic cell division.
9. Relating to the eukaryotic cell cycle:
a. Distinguish between interphase and cell division.
b. Distinguish between the G1, S, and G2 phases of interphase.
c. Define karyokinesis and cytokinesis.
d. State the two types of karyokinesis.
e. Distinguish between the M and C phases of cell division.
f. State when in the cell cycle duplication of the genetic material occurs.
10. Relating to cell division involving mitosis (mitosis + cytokinesis):
a. Define mitosis.
b. Explain why mitosis is sometimes considered "duplication division".
c. State what 1 human diploid cell becomes after mitosis plus cytokinesis.
d. State the reason humans undergo cell division involving mitosis.
e. State which cells in humans undergo cell division involving mitosis.
f. Be able to describe, draw, and recognize the 4 stages of mitosis.
g. Describe the cleavage-furrow process of cytokinesis in animal cells.
h. Describe the cell-plate process of cytokinesis in plant cells.
| 1556952426 | Cell Cycle | An ordered sequence of events in the life of a cell | 1 | |
| 1556952427 | Mitosis | A process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells conventionally divided into five stages: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Mitosis conserves chromosome number by allocating replicated chromosomes equally to each of the daughter nuclei. | 2 | |
| 1556952428 | Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase | What are the 4 stages of mitosis? | 3 | |
| 1556952429 | Prophase | The first stage of mitosis, chromosomes become visible when stained a viewed under a microscope; Miotic spindle begins to form | 4 | |
| 1556952430 | Metaphase | The 2nd stage of mitosis, in which the spindle is complete and the chromosomes, attached to microtubules at their kinetochores, are all aligned at the metaphase plate. | 5 | |
| 1556952431 | Anaphase | The 3rd stage of mitosis, in which the chromatids of each chromosome have separated and the daughter chromosomes are moving to the poles of the cell. | 6 | |
| 1556952432 | Telophase | The 4th and final stage of mitosis, in which daughter nuclei are forming and cytokinesis has typically begun. | 7 | |
| 1556952433 | Cytokinesis | The division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells immediately after mitosis, meiosis I, or meiosis II. | 8 | |
| 1556952434 | Cell Division | Process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells | 9 | |
| 1556952435 | Chromosomes | A cellular structure carrying genetic material, found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Each chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins | 10 | |
| 1556952436 | Chromatin | DNA and protein that makes up chromosomes | 11 | |
| 1556952437 | Gametes | A haploid cell such as an egg or sperm. Gametes unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote. | 12 | |
| 1556952438 | Sister Chromatids | identical copies of a chromosome; full sets of these are created during the S(DNA replication) subphase of interphase | 13 | |
| 1556952439 | Centromere | Area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached | 14 | |
| 1556952440 | 2 | How many chromatids are in a duplicated chromosome? | 15 | |
| 1556952441 | M phase | The phase of the cell cycle that includes mitosis and cytokinesis. | 16 | |
| 1556952442 | interphase | The period in the cell cycle when the cell is not dividing. Interphase often accounts for about 90% of the cell cycle. During interphase, cellular metabolic activity is high, chromosomes and organelles are duplicated, and cell size may increase. | 17 | |
| 1556952443 | cleavage | (1) The process of cytokinesis in animal cells, characterized by pinching of the plasma membrane. (2) The succession of rapid cell divisions without significant growth during early embryonic development that converts the zygote to a ball of cells. | 18 | |
| 1556952444 | G1 Phase | The first gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase before DNA synthesis begins. | 19 | |
| 1556952445 | S Phase | The synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated. | 20 | |
| 1556952446 | G2 Phase | The second gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase after DNA synthesis occurs. | 21 | |
| 1556952447 | Centrosome | A structure present in the cytoplasm of animal cells that functions as a microtubule-organizing center and is important during cell division. A centrosome has two centrioles. | 22 | |
| 1556952448 | Cell Plate | In a plant cell, midline of dividing cells. Becomes the cell wall eventually. | 23 | |
| 1556952449 | G0 | A nondividing state occupied by cells that have left the cell cycle, sometimes reversibly. |  | 24 |
| 1556952450 | Cyclin | A cellular protein that occurs in a cyclically fluctuating concentration and that plays an important role in regulating the cell cycle. |  | 25 |
| 1556952451 | Cancer | A disease in which some body cells grow and divide uncontrollably, damaging the parts of the body around them. | 26 | |
| 1556952452 | Apoptosis | Programmed cell death | 27 | |
| 1556952453 | Spindle | Fanlike microtubule structure that helps separate the chromosomes during mitosis | 28 | |
| 1556952454 | Centrioles | Are located near the nucleus and help to organize cell division. | 29 |
