Chapter 9 of Sophomore Biology I. Flashcards of the basis of cellular inheritance.
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| 110236762 | What was Rudolf Virchow's important contribution to the theory of cell division? | all cells come from pre-existing cells. | |
| 110236763 | What are three things that cell division allows living things to do? | 1)repair damage 2)grow 3)produce offspring | |
| 110236764 | What are two types of simple cell division? | 1)asexual reproduction 2)sexual reproduction | |
| 110236765 | What is Asexual Reproduction? | the reproduction of offspring from one parent in which offspring and parent are genetically identical. | |
| 110236766 | Explain the process of Asexual Reproduction. | a single cell or group of cells each duplicate their genetic material and split into two new genetically identical cells. | |
| 110236767 | What is Sexual Reproduction? | the reproduction of offspring from two completely different parents. Offspring differ genetically from each parent | |
| 110236768 | Explain the process of Sexual Reproduction. | genetic material from two parents combine through the union of sex cells such as sperm and eggs. | |
| 110236769 | Where are the genes of a eukaryotic cell found? | in the nucleus. | |
| 110236770 | What are chromatin? | A mass of long fibers made up of DNA and protein containing genetic material. | |
| 110236771 | What are chromatid? | one of two identical strands into which a chromosome splits during mitosis | |
| 110236772 | What are chromosomes? | structures in a eukaryotic cell's nucleus that contain DNA that is passed on from generation to generation. Chromosomes are only visible during mitosis. | |
| 110236773 | How many chromosomes do each cell of a human have? | 46 | |
| 110236774 | What is a centromere? | center of a chromosome where the two identical chromatid are bound. | |
| 110236775 | What is the cell cycle? | period from the beginning of cell division until the new cells formed start to divide(never ending cycle). | |
| 110236776 | Do all cells divide just as often? | no, matters the type of cell. Heart and nervous system cells rarely divide while skin and digestive tract cells divide rapidly. | |
| 110236777 | What occurs during the cell cycle? | 1)cell grows 2)prepares for division 3)divides to form two daughter cells 4)each daughter cell begins the cell cycle over. | |
| 110236778 | What is the first part of the cell cycle? | mitosis | |
| 110236779 | What are the four parts of mitosis? | PMAT prophase metaphase anaphase telephase | |
| 110236780 | What occurs during prophase? | 1)cell elongates 2)nuclear membrane disappears 3)chromosomes condense 4)centrioles move to the opposite ends of the cell 5)spindles from centrioles begin to stretch into star shape | |
| 110236781 | What occurs during metaphase? | 1)chromosomes move to center of the cell 2)spindles attach to chromosomes at their centromere | |
| 110236782 | What occurs during anaphase? | 1)nuclear membrane starts pinch inward 2)spindles get shorter pulling chromatid with them 3)chromosomes split to opposite ends of the cell | |
| 110236783 | What occurs during telephase? | 1)two nuclear membranes reappear on each side 2)Chromosomes lengthen 3)Cells not split yet but you can see the line where they will | |
| 110236784 | What is the second part of the cell cycle? | cytokenisis. | |
| 110236785 | What occurs during cytokenisis? | cells separate into two identical daughter cells. | |
| 110236786 | What is the third part of the cell cycle? | interphase. | |
| 110236787 | What are the three parts of interphase? | G1 S Phase G2 | |
| 110236788 | What is interphase? | period of non division during which other processed take place and chromosomes are replicated preparing the cell for mitosis again. 90% of the cell cycle. | |
| 110236789 | What occurs during Gap 1(G1)? | cell growth | |
| 110236790 | What occurs during Synthesis(S Phase)? | copies of DNA are made. | |
| 110236791 | What occurs during Gap 2(G2)? | cell growth and preparation for mitosis. | |
| 110236792 | What is mitosis? | the process of dividing the nucleus and duplicating contents of the cell. | |
| 110236793 | What is cytokenisis? | the division of cytoplasm after mitosis to produce the final two daughter cells. | |
| 110236794 | What is a tumor? | a mass caused by out of control reproduction of cells. | |
| 110236795 | What are two types tumors? | benign tumors and malignant tumors. | |
| 110236796 | What are malignant tumors? | mass of cells caused by reproduction of cancer cells. Will displace tissue as it grows. | |
| 110236797 | What are benign tumors? | abnormal mass of essentially normal cells that cannot spread and can be removed via surgery. Still can cause health problems. | |
| 110236798 | What is cancer? | a disease caused by severe disruption of the mechanisms that normally control the cell cycle. Cancer cells can spread out of control. | |
| 110236799 | What is metastasis? | the spread of cancer cells beyond original site. Causes many different problems so there is no one cure once cells spread. | |
| 110236800 | What are three form of treatment for cancer? | 1)removal of tumor 2)radiation to kill the cancer cells 3)chemotherapy to kill the cancer cells | |
| 110236801 | What type of drugs does chemotherapy use? | antimiotic drugs. | |
| 110236802 | What are antimiotic drugs? | drugs that prevent cell division by interfering with the spindles during mitosis. | |
| 110236803 | What are some side affects to cancer treatments? | 1)hair loss 2)nausea 3)radiation can damage ovaries or testes causing sterility | |
| 110236804 | What is meiosis? | a type of cell division that produces four genetically different cells each with half the chromosomes of the parent cell. | |
| 110236805 | Where does meiosis occur? | in the sex organs(females-ovaries, males-testes). | |
| 110236806 | What are somatic cells? | "body" cells produced during mitosis that have diploid(46) chromosomes | |
| 110236807 | What are gametes? | "sex" cells produced during meiosis that have haploid(23) chromosomes. | |
| 110236808 | What us a karyotype? | a display of the 46 chromosomes of an individual. | |
| 110236809 | When are karyotypes made? | during metaphase when chromosomes are visible. | |
| 110236810 | What are homologous chromosomes? | two chromosomes of each matching pair that you inherit from your mother and your father. | |
| 110236811 | How many pair of homologous chromosomes do humans have? | 23 | |
| 110236812 | What are karyotypes used for? | to look for abnormal or damaged chromosomes. | |
| 110236813 | How many female homologous chromosomes match? | 23 pair. | |
| 110236814 | How many male homologous chromosomes match? | 22, the 23 pair does not match. | |
| 110236815 | Explain the fertilization of an egg. | the nucleus of a haploid sperm cell fuses with the nucleus of a haploid egg cell forming a diploid zygote. | |
| 110236816 | What is a zygote? | a fertilized egg. | |
| 110236817 | What two factors contribute to genetic variations in meiosis? | 1)there are 8 million possible chromosome combinations that are at random 2)the exchange of genetic material can be at more than one site |
