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| 11790010482 | Charlemagne | 800 AD crowned by the Pope as the head of the Holy Roman Empire, which extended from northern Spain to western Germany and northern Italy. His palace was at Aachen in central Europe | 0 | |
| 11790013395 | medieval | referring to the Middle Ages | 1 | |
| 11790016557 | Byzantine Empire | (330-1453) The eastern half of the Roman Empire, which survived after the fall of the Western Empire at the end of the 5th century C.E. Its capital was Constantinople, named after the Emperor Constantine. | 2 | |
| 11790020366 | Kievan Russia | Government established at Kiev in Ukraine around 879 CE by Scandinavian adventurers asserting authority over a mostly Slavic farming population. | 3 | |
| 11790022641 | schism | (n.) a formal split within a religious organization; any division or separation of a group or organization into hostile factions | 4 | |
| 11790022642 | Manor | A large estate, often including farms and a village, ruled by a lord. | 5 | |
| 11790026012 | Serf | A person who is bound to the land and owned by the feudal lord | 6 | |
| 11790029334 | Fief | land granted by a lord to a vassal in exchange for loyalty and service | 7 | |
| 11790029335 | Vassal | A knight who promised to support a lord in exchange for land | 8 | |
| 11790033067 | Papacy | the office or authority of the pope | 9 | |
| 11790037390 | Holy Roman Empire | A medieval and early modern central European Germanic empire, which often consisted of hundreds of separate Germanic and Northern Italian states. In reality it was so decentralized that it played a role in perpetuating the fragmentation of central Europe. | 10 | |
| 11790043638 | Investiture Controversy | Dispute between the popes and the Holy Roman Emperors over who held ultimate authority over bishops in imperial lands. | 11 | |
| 11790043639 | Monasticism | A way of life in which men and women withdraw from the rest of the world in order to devote themselves to their faith | 12 | |
| 11790046068 | horse collar | Harnessing method that increased the efficiency of horses by shifting the point of traction from the animal's neck to the shoulders; its adoption favors the spread of horse-drawn plows and vehicles. | 13 | |
| 11790048170 | Crusades | A series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule. | 14 | |
| 11790050996 | Pilgrimage | A journey to a place considered sacred for religious purposes. | 15 | |
| 11790060541 | Council of Nicaea | (325 CE) A council called by Constantine to agree upon correct Christian doctrine and settle some disputes of the time. | 16 | |
| 11790064902 | Arian beliefs | A heresy common during the first Christian centuries that denied that Jesus was truly God. Major dispute at Council of Nicaea. | 17 | |
| 11790076556 | Patriarch | Religious leader of the Orthodox Church | 18 | |
| 11790083113 | Justinian | Byzantine emperor in the 6th century A.D. who reconquered much of the territory previously ruler by Rome, initiated an ambitious building program , including Hagia Sofia, as well as a new legal code | 19 | |
| 11790085857 | Justinian Code | The body of Roman law collected by order of the Byzantine emperor, Justinian around A.D. 534. | 20 | |
| 11790090361 | Hagia Sophia | the Cathedral of Holy Wisdom in Constantinople, built by order of the Byzantine emperor Justinian | 21 | |
| 11790094442 | Justinian's Plague | major outbreak of bubonic plague during Justinian's reign; began in Egypt and spread to most of the Mediterreanean world | 22 | |
| 11790102780 | Reasons for fall of Byzantine Empire | Plague; attacks on territory; Ottoman Turk invasion | 23 | |
| 11790106337 | Goths | An array of Germanic peoples, pushed further westward by nomads from central Asia. They in turn migrated west into Rome, upsetting the rough balance of power that existed between Rome and these people. | 24 | |
| 11790109234 | Carolingian Dynasty | A series of Frankish rulers including Pepin and Charlemagne lasting from 751 to 987 | 25 | |
| 11790116537 | Manor System | an economic system of exchanging land use and protection for goods and services | 26 | |
| 11790121865 | Abandoned aspects of Roman society | Roads; Currency; Literacy | 27 | |
| 11790128087 | Knights | Developed from mounted warriors of Carolingians; in the Middle Ages, lesser noble who served as a mounted warrior for a lord | 28 | |
| 11790142668 | Issues facing Papacy in Middle Ages | Disagreements over regulations, actions of priests; polytheism | 29 | |
| 11790167954 | Henry II of England | King in 1154 and was responsible for creating the common law and jury systems. Had disputes with the church/Thomas Becket | 30 | |
| 11790182079 | St. Benedict | founded a community of monks for which he wrote a set of rules and came to be the standard in the Catholic Church and used by other groups of monks | 31 | |
| 11790185061 | Education in monasteries | Schools and libraries maintained; literacy promoted; creation of illuminated manuscripts | 32 | |
| 11790196704 | Pope Urban II | Leader of the Roman Catholic Church who asked European Christians to take up arms against Muslims, starting the Crusades | 33 | |
| 11790199528 | Goals of the Crusades | End conflict between European knights, rescue Byzantine Empire, attain land/treasure in holy land, economic bonuses for traders | 34 | |
| 11790220383 | People's Crusade | Led by Peter the Hermit. This "crusade" was mostly commoners. they massacres Jews and Christians on the war path and were annihilated long before they reached Jerusalem. | 35 | |
| 11790231030 | Vikings and Slavs | Original settlers of Kievan Rus | 36 | |
| 11790237162 | Prince Vladimir | Ruler of Kiev who converts to eastern Orthodox Christianity ; influenced Russians to convert to Christianity. | 37 | |
| 11790244938 | Reasons for decline of Kiev | Crusades; fighting between princes; Mongol invasion | 38 | |
| 11790256039 | Golden Horde | Mongol khanate founded by Genghis Khan's grandson Batu. It was based in southern Russia and quickly adopted both the Turkic language and Islam. | 39 | |
| 11790263925 | Ivan III | The prince that made Moscow the new capital of Russia, and he overthrew the Mongols that were dominating Russia. | 40 |
