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| 200346813 | What are the indicators of a civilization? | -cities that served as administrative centers -political system based on control of defined territory rather than on kinship connections -significant number of people engaged in specialized, non-food-producing activities -status distinctions usually linked to the accumulation of substantial wealth by some groups -monumental building -system for keeping permanent records -long-distance trade -major advances in science/arts | |
| 200346814 | Why did Neolithic peoples form permanent settles communities? What were the advantages and disadvantages? | Before people were hunter-gatherers, they were nomadic and constantly on the move looking for food. However, once humans began domesticating crops, they were able to form communities. An advantage of this was the ability to grow larger families now that there was more food. The communities were also much more stable. However, being that they relied heavily on the crops, when crops failed there was famine. With more people, there were also more conflicts. | |
| 200346815 | Describe the process by which the main framework of civilization was created in Mesopotamia. | Mesopotamia, "the land between two rivers", depended on the annual flooding of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers to make the land fertile. On the fertile land they grew crops, that way the people who were once foragers could now set up a civilization and domesticate plants. | |
| 200346816 | Define the term social divisions as it is used in the text. Describe the social divisions within Mesopotamian society, and indicate the reasons for those divisions. | -Social divisions: grouped by money, religion, social differences -3 classes: 1)large landholders, royalty, priests 2)Farmers, artisans, workmen 3)slaves | |
| 200346817 | How did the status and experience of women change as Mesopotamian society developed into a civilization? | -Hunter-gatherer societies: high status -Agricultural Revolutions: Men worked -> Women's status lowered -More food -> women raised families (some worked) -No political role | |
| 200346818 | Explain how the first Egyptian civilization was shaped by its natural environment. | -Natural barriers = no influence or threat -Nile river: provided annual floodings -> fertile land. Communication -Papyrus used to make a type of paper -Access to metals | |
| 200346819 | Describe the Egyptian religious beliefs and death rituals | -Believed pharaohs were seen as Gods -Polytheistic: believed in many Gods. Drawn with animal heads -Believed the afterlife was a journey -Prepared the tomb and body for the afterlife | |
| 200346820 | Compare the civilization in the Indus Valley with the civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt. | -built around rivers -developed writing -Meso: Urban; Indus: rural -More metals at Indus | |
| 200346821 | First recognizable cultural activity of humans? | toolmaking | |
| 200346822 | Foragers had time left over for | socializing toolmaking art | |
| 200346823 | First transition to agriculture | Middle East | |
| 200346824 | Swidden culture describes | crop shifting | |
| 200346825 | Farming communities' religion focused on | Earth Mother or Female Deity | |
| 200346826 | In the third millennium BCE, the ruler of Sumer was | Lugal | |
| 200346827 | The first pyramid was constructed for | Djoser |
