Terms : Hide Images
| 733987837 | civilization | An ambiguous term often used to denote more complex societies but sometimes used by anthropologists to describe any group of people sharing a set of cultural traits | 0 | |
| 733987838 | culture | socially transmitted patterns of actions and expressions. Ex: arts, beliefs, knowledge, and technology | 1 | |
| 733987839 | history | study of past events and changes in the development, transmission, and transformation of cultural practices | 2 | |
| 733987840 | Stone Age | Period characterized by the production of tools and other nonmetallic substances | 3 | |
| 733987841 | Paleolithic | Period of the Stone Age associated with the evolution of humans | 4 | |
| 733987842 | Neolithic | Period of Stone Age associated with the Agricultural Revolutions | 5 | |
| 733987843 | foragers | People who support themselves by hunting and gathering | 6 | |
| 733987844 | Agricultural Revolutions | Change from food gathering to food production that occurred between 8000 and 2000 B.C.E. | 7 | |
| 733987845 | megaliths | structures and complexes of very large stones constructed for ceremonial and religious purposes | 8 | |
| 733987846 | Sumerians | People living in Mesopotamia at the start of the period | 9 | |
| 733987847 | Semitic | Family of languages spoken in West Asia and northern Africa, including Hebrew, Aramaic, and Phoenician | 10 | |
| 733987848 | city-state | Self-governing urban centers controlling agricultural territories | 11 | |
| 733987849 | Babylon | Largest and most important city in Mesopotamia | 12 | |
| 733987850 | Hammurabi | Amorite ruler of Babylon who wrote his own Law Code named after him | 13 | |
| 733987851 | scribe | trained professionals who applied their skills of reading and writing to tasks of administration | 14 | |
| 733987852 | ziggurat | Multistory, mud-brick, pyramid-shaped tower approached by ramps and stairs | 15 | |
| 733987853 | amulet | small charms meant to protect the bearer from evil | 16 | |
| 733987854 | cuneiform | system of writing where wedge-shaped symbols represent words or syllables | 17 | |
| 733987855 | bronze | Stronger metal made of an alloy of copper with tin or arsenic | 18 | |
| 733987856 | pharaoh | central figure in the Egyptian state | 19 | |
| 733987857 | ma'at | divinely authorized order of the universe | 20 | |
| 733987858 | pyramid | large, triangular stone monument used as a burial place for a king | 21 | |
| 733987859 | Memphis | capital of Old Kingdom Egypt, near head of Nile Delta | 22 | |
| 733987860 | Thebes | capital city of Egypt during the Middle and New Kingdoms | 23 | |
| 733987861 | hieroglyphics | picture symbols that stand for words, syllables, or individual sounds | 24 | |
| 733987862 | papyrus | reed that grows along the Nile and is used as writing material | 25 | |
| 733987863 | mummy | body preserved by chemical processes or special natural circumstances | 26 | |
| 733987864 | Harappa | site of city in Indus Valley civilization | 27 | |
| 733987865 | Mohenjo-Daro | largest city of the Indus Valley civilization | 28 | |
| 733987866 | Loess | Yellowish-brown dust that makes a fertile soil | 29 | |
| 733987867 | Shang | First dynasty of China that is on written records (1750-1045 B.C.) | 30 | |
| 733987868 | Zhou | Overtook Shang in north China and created the Mandate of Heaven (1045-221 B.C.) | 31 | |
| 733987869 | Mandate of Heaven | Validated the institution of the monarchy by connecting politics and religion | 32 | |
| 733987870 | Confucius | Chinese philosopher, Kongzi, who introduced the idea of Confucianism | 33 | |
| 733987871 | Daoism | Urged withdrawal from the empty formalities, rigid hierarchy, and distractions of Chinese society | 34 | |
| 733987872 | yin/yang | Nature of male and female roles in the natural order | 35 | |
| 733987873 | Kush | An Egyptian name for Nubia, the region alongside The Nile River south of Egypt. | 36 | |
| 733987874 | Meroe | Capital of a flourishing kingdom in southern Nubia from the fourth century B.C.E. to the fourth century C.E. | 37 | |
| 733987875 | Celts | People sharing common linguistic and cultural features that originated in Central Europe in the first half of the first millennium | 38 | |
| 733987876 | Druids | The class of religious experts who conducted rituals and preserved sacred lore among some ancient Celtic people | 39 | |
| 733987877 | Olmec | The first Mesoamerican civilization. Between ca. 1200 and 400 B.C.E., the Olmec people of central Mexico created a vibrant civilization that included intensive agriculture, wide-ranging trade, ceremonial centers and monumental construction | 40 | |
| 733987878 | Chavin | The first major urban civilization in South America (900-2500 B.C.E. | 41 | |
| 733987879 | llama | A hoofed animal indigenous to the Andes Mountains in South America. | 42 | |
| 733987880 | Shang | The dominant people in the earliest Chinese dynasty for which we have written records (ca. 1750-1027 B.C.E.). Ancestor worship, divination by means of oracle bones, and the use of bronze vessels for ritual purposes were major elements of this culture. | 43 | |
| 733987881 | divination | Techniques for ascertaining the future or the will of the gods by interpreting natural phenomena such as, in early China, the cracks on oracle bones or, in ancient Greece, the flight of birds through sectors of the sky. | 44 | |
| 733987882 | Zhou | The people and dynasty that took over the dominant position in north China from the Shang and created the concept of the Mandate of Heaven to justify their rule. Remembered as prosperous era in Chinese History. (p. 61) | 45 | |
| 733987883 | Mandate of Heaven | the chinese emperor rules with the blessings of heaven as long as he rules wisely | 46 | |
| 733987884 | ying yang | Chinese symbol that means complementary opposites; dark and happy | 47 | |
| 733987885 | Legalism | In China, a political philosophy that emphasized the unruliness of human nature and justified state coercion and control. The Qin ruling class invoked it to validate the authoritarian nature of their regime. (p.52) | 48 | |
| 733987886 | Confucius | Chinese philosopher (circa 551-478 BC) | 49 | |
| 733987887 | Daoism | Chinese philosophy based on the teachings of Laozi; taught that people should turn to nature and give up their worldly concerns | 50 | |
| 733987888 | Kush | an ancient nubian kingdom whose rulers contolled egypt between 2000 and 1000 B.C. | 51 | |
| 733987889 | Meroe | an ancient city in N Sudan, on the Nile; capital of a kingdom that flourished from about 700 bc to about 350 a.d | 52 | |
| 733987890 | Olmec | The first Mesoamerican civilization. Between ca. 1200 and 400 B.C.E., these people of central Mexico created a vibrant civilization that included intensive agriculture, wide-ranging trade, ceremonial centers, and monumental construction. | 53 | |
| 733987891 | Chavin | the first major South American civilization, which flourished in the highlands of what is now Peru from about 900 to 200 B.C. | 54 | |
| 733987892 | llama | wild or domesticated South American cud-chewing animal related to camels but smaller and lacking a hump | 55 | |
| 733987893 | Republic | Period when Rome was mainly governed by the Senate | 56 | |
| 733987894 | Senate | Council of the heads of wealthy, landowning families | 57 | |
| 733987895 | patron/client relationship | The patron (wealthy and powerful), provided legal and economic protection for the client. | 58 | |
| 733987896 | Principate | Period following the Republic | 59 | |
| 733987897 | Augustus | Name for Octavian, founder of the Principate | 60 | |
| 733987898 | equites | Prosperous landowners second in wealth and social status to the senatorial class | 61 | |
| 733987899 | pax romana | stability and prosperity guaranteed by Rome | 62 | |
| 733987900 | Romanization | spread of Lain language and Roman way of life | 63 | |
| 733987901 | Jesus | Jewish carpenter from Galilee in Israel | 64 | |
| 733987902 | Paul | Jew from Tarsus who preached Christianity | 65 | |
| 733987903 | aqueduct | long elevated or underground conduits to carry water | 66 | |
| 733987904 | Third-Century Crisis | Political, military, and economic turmoil of the Roman Empire | 67 | |
| 733987905 | Constantine | Reunited the entire Roman Empire | 68 | |
| 733987906 | Qin | Dynasty and state of eastern china | 69 | |
| 733987907 | Shi Huangdi | Founder of the Qin dynasty and creator of the Chinese Empire | 70 | |
| 733987908 | Han | Dynasty after Qin | 71 | |
| 733987909 | Xiongnu | Confederacy of nomads in the north | 72 | |
| 733987910 | Gaozu | throne name of Liu Bang, who brought down the Qin and founded the Han dynasty | 73 | |
| 733987911 | Sima Qian | Chief astrologer who was was considered historian of China | 74 | |
| 733987912 | Chang'an | Capital of Qin and early Han Empires | 75 | |
| 733987913 | gentry | emperors used these people as administrative personnel | 76 | |
| 733987914 | monsoon | Seasonal winds in the indian ocean caused by the differences in temperature and the slowly changing ocean waters | 77 | |
| 733987915 | Vedas | early indian sacred "knowledge" - the literal meaning of the term - long preserved and communicated orally by Brahmin priests and eventually written down | 78 | |
| 733987916 | varna | Two categories of social identity of great importance in indian history | 79 | |
| 733987917 | jati | regional groups of people who have a common occupation sphere and who marry, eat, and interact with other members of their group | 80 | |
| 733987918 | karma | the residue of deeds performed in past and present lives that adheres to a "spirit" and determines what form it will assume in its next life cycle | 81 | |
| 733987919 | moksha | the Hindu concept of the spirit's "liberation" from the endless cycle of rebirths | 82 | |
| 733987920 | Buddha | and indian prince named Siddhartha Gautama, who renounced his wealth and social postition | 83 | |
| 733987921 | Mahayana Buddhism | "great vehicle" branch of Buddhism followed in china, Japan, and Central Asia | 84 | |
| 733987922 | Theravada Buddhism | "way of the Elders" branch of Buddhism followed in Sri Lanka and much of Southeast Asia | 85 | |
| 733987923 | Hinduism | A general term for a wide variety of beliefs and ritual practices that have developed in the Indian subcontinent since antiquity | 86 | |
| 733987924 | Mauryan Empire | The first state to unify most of the Indian subcontinent | 87 | |
| 733987925 | Ashoka | third ruler of the Mauryan Empire in India (273-232 B.C.E.) | 88 | |
| 733987926 | Mahabharata | A vast epic chronicling the events leading up to a cataclysmic battle between related kingship groups in early india | 89 | |
| 733987927 | Bhagavad-Gita | the most important work of indian sacred literature, a dialogue between the great warrior Arjuno and the god Krishna | 90 | |
| 733987928 | Tamil kingdoms | The kingdoms of southern india, inhabited primarily by speakers of Dravidian languages | 91 | |
| 733987929 | Gupta Empire | A powerful indian state based on a capital at Pataliputra in the Ganges Valley | 92 | |
| 733987930 | theater-state | Historians' term for a state that acquires prestige and power by developing attractive cultural forms and staging elaborate public ceremonies | 93 | |
| 733987931 | Funan | An early complex society in Southeast Asia between the first and sixth centuries C.E. | 94 | |
| 733987932 | Silk Road | Trade route connecting China and the Middle East | 95 | |
| 733987933 | Parthians | Iranaian dynasty created from an Iranian nomadic group | 96 | |
| 733987934 | Sasanid Empire | Iranaian empire that defeated the Parthians | 97 | |
| 733987935 | stirrup | device for securing a horseman's feet, allowing him to easily wield weapons | 98 | |
| 733987936 | Indian Ocean Maritime System | Trade network across the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea | 99 | |
| 733987937 | trans-Sahara caravan routes | Trading network connecting North Africa and sub-Saharan Africa across the Sahara | 100 | |
| 733987938 | Sahel | "Coastland" of Sahara | 101 | |
| 733987939 | sub-Saharan Africa | Portion of Africa south of the Sahara | 102 | |
| 733987940 | steppes | Flat, semiarid plains with no trees | 103 | |
| 733987941 | savanna | Tropical or subtropical grassland | 104 | |
| 733987942 | tropical rain forest | High-precipitation forest zones | 105 | |
| 733987943 | "great traditions" | cultural heritages shared by the educated elites | 106 | |
| 733987944 | "small traditions" | local customs and beliefs, usually from nonliterate people | 107 | |
| 733987945 | Bantu | group of sub-Saharan African languages and people who speak them | 108 | |
| 733987946 | Armenia | Early Christian kingdom, eastern Anatolia and western Caucasus | 109 | |
| 733987947 | Ethiopia | East African highland nation lying east of the Nile River | 110 | |
| 733987948 | Shi'ites | Muslims belonging to the branch of Islam believing that God vests leadership of the community in a descendant of Muhammad's son-in-law Ali. Shi'ism is the state religion of Iran | 111 | |
| 733987949 | Sunnis | Muslims belonging to branch of Islam believing that the community should select its own leadership. The majority religion in most Islamic countries | 112 | |
| 733987950 | Mecca | City in western Arabia; birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, and ritual center of the Islamic religion | 113 | |
| 733987951 | Muhammad | (570-632 C.E.) Arab prophet; founder of religion of Islam | 114 | |
| 733987952 | muslim | (in Arabic,Islam means "submission) to the will of God | 115 | |
| 733987953 | Islam | Religion expounded by the Prophet Muhammad (570-632 C.E.) on the basis of his reception of divine revelations, which were collected after his death into the Quran. In the tradition of Judaism and Christianity, and sharing much of their lore, Islam calls on all people to recognize one creator god—Allah—who rewards or punishes believers after death according to how they led their lives | 116 | |
| 733987954 | Medina | City in western Arabia to which the Prophet Muhammad and his followers emigrated in 622 to escape persecution in Mecca | 117 | |
| 733987955 | umma | The community of all Muslims. A major innovation against the background of seventh-century Arabia, where traditionally kinship rather than faith had determined membership in a community | 118 | |
| 733987956 | caliphate | Office established in succession to the Prophet Muhammad, to rule the Islamic empire; also the name of that empire | 119 | |
| 733987957 | Quran | Book composed of divine revelations made to the Prophet Muhammad between ca. 610 and his death in 632; the sacred text of the religion of Islam | 120 | |
| 733987958 | Umayyad Caliphate | First hereditary dynasty of Muslim caliphs (661 to 750). From their capital at Damascus, the Umayyads ruled an empire that extended from Spain to India. Overthrown by the Abbasid Caliphate | 121 | |
| 733987959 | Abbasid Caliphate | Descendants of the Prophet Muhammad's uncle, al-Abbas, the Abbasids overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate and ruled an Islamic empire from their capital in Baghdad (founded 762) from 750 to 1258 | 122 | |
| 733987960 | mamluks | Under the Islamic system of military slavery, Turkic military slaves who formed an important part of the armed forces of the Abbasid Caliphate of the ninth and tenth centuries. Mamluks eventually founded their own state, ruling Egypt and Syria (1250-1517) | 123 | |
| 733987961 | Ghana | First known kingdom in sub-Saharan West Africa between the sixth and thirteenth centuries C.E. Also the modern West African country once known as the Gold Coast | 124 | |
| 733987962 | ulama | Muslim religious scholars. From the ninth century onward, the primary interpreters of Islamic law and the social core of Muslim urban societies | 125 | |
| 733987963 | hadith | A tradition relating the words or deeds of the Prophet Muhammad; next to the Quran, the most important basis for Islamic law | 126 | |
| 733987964 | globalization | growth to a global or worldwide scale | 127 | |
| 733987965 | weapons of mass destruction | nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons that can kill tens of thousands of people all at once | 128 | |
| 733987966 | terrorism | the calculated use of violence (or threat of violence) against civilians in order to attain goals that are political or religious or ideological in nature | 129 | |
| 733987967 | Usama bin Laden | Arab terrorist who established al-Qaeda (born in 1957) | 130 | |
| 733987968 | World Trade Organization | An international agency which encourages trade between member nations, administers global trade agreements and resolves disputes when they arise. | 131 | |
| 733987969 | Universal Declaration of Human Rights | A 1948 statement in which the United Nations declared that all human beings have rights to life, liberty, and security. | 132 | |
| 733987970 | nongovernmental organizations | Nonprofit international organizations devoted to investigating human rights abuses and providing humanitarian relief. Two NGOs won the Nobel Peace Prize in the 1990s: International Campaign to Ban Landmines (1997) and Doctors Without Borders (1999). | 133 | |
| 733987971 | Cultural imperialism | Domination of one culture over another by a deliberate policy or by economic or technological superiority. | 134 | |
| 733987972 | global pop culture | Popular cultural practices and institutions that have been adopted internationally, such as music, the INternet, television, food, and fashion. | 135 | |
| 733987973 | global elite culture | attitudes and outlook of well educated, prosperous, Western oriented people around the world. | 136 | |
| 733987974 | economic sanctions | Boycotts, embargoes, and other economic measures that one country uses to pressure another country into changing its policies. | 137 | |
| 733987975 | nuclear proliferation | the spread of nuclear weapons to new nations | 138 | |
| 733987976 | postmodernism | genre of art and literature and especially architecture in reaction against principles and practices of established modernism | 139 |
