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| 957171814 | Abigail Adams | John Adams' wife. She made clear that, besides participating in boycotts and spinning bees, women recognized that colonists' arguments against arbitrary British rule also applied to gender relations. | |
| 957171816 | Alexander McGillivray | Creek Indian leader who secretly negotiated a treaty in which Spain promised weapons so that the Creeks could protect themselves "from the Bears and other fierce Animals." | |
| 957171818 | Articles of Confederation | Government that focused more on states' rights. It reserved to each state "its sovereignty, freedom and independence." | |
| 957171821 | Battle of Saratoga | A turning point in the American Revolution. The American victory in this battle convinced France that Americans could win the war, and it allied itself with the Americans. | |
| 957171823 | Battle of Yorktown | The battle in Virginia when Lord Cornwallis surrendered to George Washington. | |
| 957171825 | Checks and Balances | Designed to prevent one branch of government from dominating the other two | |
| 957171827 | Constitution of the United States | Reconciled the conflicting interests of large and small states, and stated the laws of the United States | |
| 957171829 | Federalism | shared power and dual lawmaking by the national and state governments | |
| 957171831 | James Madison | One of the delegates of the Articles of Federation, he introduced the Virginia Plan and played a central role in the Constitution's adoption. | |
| 957171832 | Joseph Brant | Mohawk chief who supported the British. | |
| 957171833 | Loyalists | Colonists who retained a profound reverence for the British crown and believed that if they failed to defend their king, they would sacrifice their personal honor. | |
| 957171834 | New Jersey Plan | A counterproposal to the Virginia Plan, it recommended a single-chamber congress in which each state had an equal vote, just as the Articles. | |
| 957171835 | Northwest Ordinance | Defined the steps for the creation and admission of new states. It designated the area north of the Ohio River as the Northwest Territory and provided for its later division into states. It forbade slavery while the region remained a territory, although citizens could legalize the institution after statehood. | |
| 957171837 | Ordinance of 1785 | Established uniform procedures for surveying land north of the Ohio River. The law established a township six miles square as the basic unit of settlement. Every township would be subdivided into 36 sections of 640 acres each, one of which would be reserved as a source of income for schools. It imposed an arbitrary grid of straight lines and right angles across the landscape that conformed to European-American notions of private property while utterly ignoring the land's natural features. | |
| 957171839 | Prince Hall | One of the most prominent free blacks to emerge during the Revolutionary period. Born a slave, Hall received his freedom in 1770 and immediately took a leading role among Boston blacks protesting slavery. | |
| 957171841 | Separation of Powers | Each branch of government has separate powers from one another. | |
| 957171843 | The Federalist | A series of 85 newspaper essays penned by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay. It defended the rights of political minorities against majority tyranny, and it prevented a stubborn minority from blocking well-considered measures that the majority believed necessary for the national interest. | |
| 957171845 | Three-fifths clause | Allowed three-fifths of all slaves to be counted for congressional representation and, thereby, in the Electoral College that selected the president. | |
| 957171847 | Treaty of Paris | A treaty signed in 1783 when the British recognized American independence and agreed to withdraw all royal troops from the colonies. | |
| 957171849 | Virginia Plan | Called for the establishment of a strong central government rather than a federation of states. It gave Congress virtually unrestricted rights of legislation and taxation and power to veto any state law, and authority to use military force against the states. It specified a bicameral legislature and fixed representation in both houses of Congress proportionally to each state's population. | |
| 957257643 | Henry Knox | His successful transport of artillery to Boston prompted the British to evacuate Boston in March 1776 and move towards New York, where they hoped to seize and base their formations to conquer New England. Defending New York was Washington's 18,000 poorly train troops. | |
| 957257644 | Patriots | Also called wigs, were for the Americans in the American Revolution | |
| 957257645 | Hessians | Britain also hired 30,000 German mercenaries | |
| 957257646 | Marquis de Layfette | The enlistment of this French into Washington's staff also indicated that the French were willing to support the Americans. However, Louis XVI wanted proof that Americans could win a major battle. | |
| 957257647 | General John Burgoyne | General who would lead the main British force South from Quebec through Eastern New York and link up with St. Ledger near Albany | |
| 957257648 | General Horatio Gates | Earlier resistant by this General, who took command of the American forces after the capture of Charles Town, resulted in a failure as a single British volley quickly defeated the poorly trained militiamen while the General was escaping. | |
| 957257649 | Frederick von Steuben | He arrived at Valley Forge and almost single-handedly turned the army into a formidable fighting force against the British | |
| 957257650 | George Rogers Clark | British troops that lived in French (IL, IN). He led 175 militamen North of Ohio. He retook Vincennes in Feb. 1779 | |
| 957257651 | John Adams | Peace negotiations started with the fall of Yorktown and the American negotiations in Paris was lead by him, Benjamin Franklin, and John Jay. | |
| 957257652 | John Jay | Peace negotiations started with the fall of Yorktown and the American negotiations in Paris was lead by him, Benjamin Franklin, and him. Antifederalists' objections in New York also stimulated a response in the form of one of the great classics of political thought, The Federalists, a series of eighty-five newspaper essays penned by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and him. | |
| 957257653 | Continentals | Soldiers in the Contintental Army | |
| 957257654 | Shays' Rebellion | In 1786, a movement reminiscent of pre-Revolutionary backcountry dissents, farmers and former war officer Daniel Shays led two thousand angry men in an attempt to shut down the courts in three western counties in hope of preventing foreclosures on farm mortgages. | |
| 957257655 | Great Compromise | The panel adopted a proposal offered earlier by the Connecticut delegation: an equal vote for each state in the upper house and proportional voting in the lower house* |
