Chapters 1-3 from the Enduring Vision: Volume 1
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| 1618899264 | Iroquois Confederacy | A powerful group of Native Americans in the eastern part of the United States made up of five nations: the Mohawk, Seneca, Cayuga, Onondoga, and Oneida. | 0 | |
| 1618899265 | Archaic Peoples | The Native Americans that came after the Paleo-Indians. They had increased food production, a higher population, village-type communities, and distinguished roles for men and women. | 1 | |
| 1618899266 | Paleo-Indians | These were the Earliest known Native Americans. They traveled in small bands of 15-50 people, lived off of hunting and gathering, and used stone tools. | 2 | |
| 1618899267 | Mesoamerica | This early civilization included Mexico and Central America and it was based on sedentary agriculture and the cultivation of maize and food production. The Aztecs, Incas, and Mayans lived in this area. | 3 | |
| 1618899268 | Reciprocity | Exchanging of gifts and favors that encouraged equilibrium and interdependence. | 4 | |
| 1618899269 | Maize | (a.k.a. corn) this crop was the most important crop among all the Native Americans. It was traded over long distances and in Mesoamerica, it was somewhat genetically engineered to be more healthy and abundant. | 5 | |
| 1618899270 | Reciprocity (native v. European) | Native reciprocity was an exchange between Natives and (usually) Europeans. European reciprocity was between different social classes to encourage hierarchy. | 6 | |
| 1618899271 | Nuclear Families | Family structure composed of one or both parents and children. Most Native Americans did not form this type of family. | 7 | |
| 1618899272 | Extended Families | Family structure composed of several generations: aunts, uncles, and grandparents, as well as parents & children. Most Native Americans formed this type of family. | 8 | |
| 1618899273 | Puritans | A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay. | 9 | |
| 1618899274 | Christopher Columbus | An Italian navigator who was funded by the Spanish Government (Ferdinand and Isabella) to find a passage to the Far East, but ended up finding the New World. He was America's first slave trader and the first conquistador. He discovered Hispaniola and forced the Natives there to mine for gold. At his death he believed he had made it to India, not some New World. | 10 | |
| 1618899275 | joint-stock company | A business corporation that amassed capital through sales of stock to investors. investors bought stock and received a portion of the business's profit. | 11 | |
| 1618899276 | new slavery | The form of slavery adopted by first by the Portuguese, then later by other European powers. The amount of trade resulted in a demographic catastrophe for West Africa and its peoples. African Slaves were subjected to new extremes of dehumanization. they were regarded as property more than people. Lastly, it greatly increased racism by making whites feel superior to blacks and justify poor treatment of them by using religion. | 12 | |
| 1618899277 | Indian slavery | There was not much of this, because Indians were not very good slaves, but for those that were slaves, the whites treated them just as they did the Africans. The whites felt superior to the Indians and felt that it was their Christian duty to help them. | 13 | |
| 1618899278 | Columbian exchange | The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world mainly following Columbus's voyages. | 14 | |
| 1618899279 | encomiendas | Grants awarding Indian labor to wealthy colonists. | 15 | |
| 1618899280 | New Mexico | Spanish royal colony proclaimed by Onate. | 16 | |
| 1618899281 | New France | French colony in Quebec founded by Samuel de Champlain. It was founded for a source of revenue and as a way to deter the English, Dutch, and French independent traders. | 17 | |
| 1618899282 | Virginia Company of London | A joint stock company that recieved a charter from King James I to create a settlement in America. They provided the funding for the development of the Jamestown colony. | 18 | |
| 1618899283 | John Rolfe | An Englishman who became a colonist in the early settlement of Virginia. He is best known as the man who married the Native American, Pocahontas, and took her to his homeland of England. Rolfe was also the savior of the Virginia colony Jamestown by perfecting the tobacco industry in North America. | 19 | |
| 1618899284 | Tobacco | Cash crop that made a profit and saved Jamestown. People grew it to make a profit, but after a while, the price of it went down and people were not making great profits on it anymore. | 20 | |
| 1618899285 | indentured servants | Immigrants who received free passage to America in exchange for a fixed term of labor. | 21 | |
| 1618899286 | Saint Augustine, FL | The first lasting European post in North America. | 22 | |
| 1618899287 | Jamestown | The first permanent English settlement in North America. It suffered from harsh winters and lack of a good economy, but John Rolfe's cultivation of tobacco saved it. | 23 | |
| 1618899288 | John Smith | Helped found and govern Jamestown. His leadership and strict discipline helped the Virginia colony get through the difficult first winter. | 24 | |
| 1618899289 | Pocahontas | Powhatan woman (the daughter of Powhatan) who befriended the English at Jamestown, married John Rolfe, and is said to have saved Captain John Smith's life. | 25 | |
| 1618899290 | Great Migration | The migration of Puritans to Massachusetts Bay, in which about 21,000 settlers arrived in the New World looking for a better life. | 26 | |
| 1618899291 | Harvard College | The first college in the New World, which was founded by the Puritans to train ministers. | 27 | |
| 1618899292 | Plymouth | Colony settled by the Pilgrims in 1620. It eventually merged with Massachusetts Bay colony. | 28 | |
| 1618899293 | Little Commonwealth | Nickname of a normal European nuclear family. The father is the head, the mother rears and raises the children, and the children help around the house and support the family. | 29 | |
| 1618899294 | New Netherlands | Dutch colony on the Hudson River that was conquered by the English and renamed New York. They enjoyed trading beaver furs with the Natives. | 30 | |
| 1618899295 | New Amsterdam | Capital of New Netherlands that was later to become New York. | 31 | |
| 1618899296 | royal colony | A colony under the direct control of a monarch. Not many colonies were royal colonies. | 32 | |
| 1618899297 | proprietary colony | A colony owned and ruled by one person who was chosen by a king or queen, also known as the proprietor. | 33 | |
| 1618899298 | Lord Baltimore | Founded the colony of Maryland and offered religious freedom to all Christian colonists. He did this so that Catholics could have a place to go in America. He was an absentee proprietor. | 34 | |
| 1618899299 | Maryland Colony | A proprietary colony founded by Lord Baltimore. It was especially known for its religious toleration, which was put into place to make Maryland a safe place for Catholics. | 35 | |
| 1618899300 | Third Anglo-Powhatan War | A war between the Powhatan tribe under the leadership of Opechancanough and the English colonists. | 36 | |
| 1618899301 | Bacon's Rebellion | An expedition attacking all Indians in general. They killed many peaceful Indians. Berkeley gave them permission to seize enemy Indians' food and possessions and to keep Indian prisoners as slaves. He soon had second thoughts about it and tried to stop Bacon's troops. The rebels attacked Jamestown, burned the capital, and offered freedom to any of Berkeley's supporters who joined the uprising. They were doing quite well until Bacon died of dysentery, which quickly ended the rebellion. | 37 | |
| 1618899302 | William Berkeley | Governor of Virginia, who exempted himself and his councilors from taxation, restricted the vote to only property owners, and had special terms with the neighboring Natives, which all led to Bacon's Rebellion | 38 | |
| 1618899303 | John Winthrop | Puritan leader of Massachusetts who was focused on making the colony a "City Upon a Hill". He wanted his people to be a good example of Christianity to those around them. He wrote "A Model of Christian Charity", putting out his views of how his colony should act. | 39 | |
| 1618899304 | A Model of Christian Charity | Written by John Winthrop, stressing Massachusetts to be a "City Upon a Hill". It was stressing that the colonists be an example to others and for the colony to be a harmonious, godly community. | 40 | |
| 1618899305 | New England Way | The Puritans's set of beliefs that stressed godliness, education, hard work, and honesty, which was practiced in New England. | 41 | |
| 1618899306 | Roger Williams | Banished for his beliefs in religious toleration and separation of church and state (state would corrupt church). He moved to a place he bought and named Providence, which later became Rhode Island. It was the only New England colony to practice religious toleration. | 42 | |
| 1618899307 | Anne Hutchison | She publicly criticized the clergy for judging prospective church members on the basis of "good works", and she argued that ministers who scrutinized a person's outward behavior for "signs" of salvation, especially when that person was relating his or her conversion experience, were substituting their own judgment for God's. She was the leader of the Antinomians. She was put on trial and, even though her knowledge of Scripture was much better than her interrogators, she was banished for saying that God spoke to her. She eventually settled in Rhode Island. | 43 | |
| 1618899308 | Antimonians | Nickname for those opposed to the rule of law. they were Anne Hutchinson's followers. | 44 | |
| 1618899309 | Restoration | Refers to when King Charles II took the throne in England after Oliver Cromwell. For England, this was good, but for the Puritans, this was bad. Charles sought to undermine Puritan rule, especially in Massachusetts, putting its leaders increasingly on the defensive. | 45 | |
| 1618899310 | Pequot War | The war that the people of Massachusetts waged against the Pequot Indians of Connecticut. The English used a method to kill them by setting fire to their villages and killing any who tried to escape. The Pequot quickly lost the war and their lands were awarded to the colonists of Connecticut and New Haven. | 46 | |
| 1618899311 | King Philip's War | An Anglo-Indian war between the colonists and two-thirds of the colonies' Native Americans. These Indians were familiar with guns and were as well armed as the colonists. The Indians successfully killed twenty-five hundred colonists. The Indians were crushed when some local Indians joined the English against them. This war reduced Indian population by 40 percent and deepened English hostility toward all Native Americans. | 47 | |
| 1618899312 | Metacom | Also known as King Philip, he led the Native Americans in the King Philip's War. | 48 | |
| 1618899313 | Beaver Wars | A series of bloody conflicts between the Iroquois and the Hurons and other French allies for control of the fur trade. | 49 | |
| 1618899314 | Salem Witchcraft | A time of extreme havoc for Salem, Massachusetts. Some girls accused another girl of being a witch, which led to many people being accused for witchcraft. The people of Salem were very afraid of witches, and so it required barely any evidence to convict someone of witchcraft. What was a way to convict a person of witchcraft became a way for people to punish those above them. Most of the people convicted were women of high social class. This event showed how the lower people felt towards the higher people. | 50 | |
| 1618899315 | William Penn | A Quaker that founded Pennsylvania to establish a place where his people and others could live in peace and be free from persecution. | 51 | |
| 1618899316 | Quakers | The "Society of Friends", they were pacifists who believed in equality between men and women in the church, that the Inner Light (Holy Spirit) could inspire all, and that wealth and family did not affect one's spiritual status. They did not believe in hierarchy. They gave Pennsylvania a strong executive branch and a lower legislative chamber. | 52 | |
| 1618899317 | Robert Cavalier de la Salle | Descended the entire Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico. He claimed the entire Mississippi basin for Louis XIV, naming it Louisiana. | 53 | |
| 1618899318 | Ancestral Pueblo | Originated in the Four Corners area. They were harvesting crops, living in permanent villages, and making pottery. They were well known for their architecture. They did well but declined as a result of drought. | 54 | |
| 1618899319 | Pueblo Revolt | The most successful Indian uprising in American history in 1680. Led by Pope, the rebels started a massive siege against Santa Fe, which ended up making the Spanish flee from New Mexico. Later, Diego de Vargas arrived to reconquer New Mexico using violence. The Spanish did not effectively control the area from the Pueblos until 1700. Later, the Spanish needed Pueblo help to control the Apaches, and to convince the Pueblos to help, the Spanish abolished the encomienda. | 55 | |
| 1618899320 | Mercantilism | A nation's power was measured by its wealth. To secure wealth, a country needed to maximize its sale of goods abroad while minimizing foreign purchases and use of foreign shippers. It was basically a method of colonies supporting their mother country. | 56 | |
| 1618899321 | Coureurs de bois | Independent traders unconstrained by government authority. This was mainly referring to French independent fur traders. | 57 |
