The Great Depression
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| 548693979 | October 29, 1929 | "Black Tuesday". Marked as the beginning of the Great Depression when the stock market crashed | |
| 548693980 | Mistakes by the Federal Reserve | Curtailed amount of money in circulation, raised interest rates. Made it harder for people to payback debts | |
| 548693981 | Hawley Smoot Tariff | Raised tariff rates on commodities & manufactured goods to an all time high. This angered foreign governments who in turn raised their tariffs on US goods, so less were being exported | |
| 548693982 | Maldistribution of wealth | While incomes rose, the income of the wealthy grew at a much higher rate than that of normal citizens. Coolidge administration contributed to that by lowering the taxes for the rich and the rich spent less of their income on consumer goods than regular citizens, there was less money in circulation | |
| 548693983 | Herbert Hoover | A self-made Republican president who came into office just as the Depression hit. He believedin Associationaism and laissez-faire government policies | |
| 548693985 | Reconstruction Finance Corporation | Made a lot of money available in loans to ailing banks and corporations on the condition that they build low cost housing and public works projects, but because of Hoover's reservations about the gov't's role, it was constrained from its full potential. When it ended it deepened the US debt dramatically | |
| 548740690 | Hypocrisy of Hoover's politics | Because of laissez faire politics, he didn't give money to the poor, feed Arkansas farmers or fund Chicago teachers,but approved gov't assistance to banks, businesses, and loans | |
| 548740691 | Bonus Army | A group of army veterans that marched to the capital to demand they get their compensation early. Hoover asked MacArthur to deal with them and his troops burned down their shacks, killing over 100 | |
| 548740693 | The Marx Brothers | In their films they ridiculed figures of authority and broke every rule of ethics. They delivered an escape to the audience while also delivering a somber political message | |
| 548740695 | Eleanor Roosevelt | The wife of FDR and nursed him through polio. Became a vital partner to him and a liberal activist who transformed the role of the First Lady | |
| 548740696 | Liberalism | A poltiical orientation that favors social progress by reform and by changing laws rather than revolution | |
| 548740697 | The First New Deal | The legislation passed in FDR's first 100 days . 15 pieces to help many different people. Not all successful, but helped bring hope to the people | |
| 548740698 | Fireside Chats | Roosevelt launched a series of public radio adresses and used them to "talk" to the American people abd give courage. Many Americans felt a great bond to him | |
| 548740699 | Emergency Banking Act | First act that shut down all the banks first and made federal loans available to private bankers. It was fiscally conservative | |
| 548740700 | Economy Act | Committed the government to balance th ebudget | |
| 548740701 | FDIC | Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation that assured depositors that the gov't would protect up to $5000 of their savings | |
| 548740702 | SEC | Securities and Exchanges Commission that enforced regulation of the New York Stock Exchange | |
| 548740703 | CCC | Civilian Conservation Corps that put many men to work to plant trees, halt erosion and improve the environment | |
| 548740704 | CWA | Civil Works Administration who put men to work thoruhg small scale government projects | |
| 548740705 | NIRA | National Industrial Recovery Act that was supposed to curtail production and trigger economic recovery | |
| 548740706 | AAA | Agricultural Adjustment Administration that began payin farmers to keep a portion of their land out of cultivation and reduce the size of their herds | |
| 548740707 | Dust Bowl | With overproduction and no rain in Great Plains, an ecological disaster caused huge dust storms an many farmers uprooted and left | |
| 548740708 | Okies | Farmers from Great Plains who migrated to california. Thhey became the symbol for what had gone wrong dwith the american dream. | |
| 548740709 | NRA | National Recovery Administration that used persuasion and association to limit industrial production. | |
| 548740710 | Public Works Administration | Was given money to sponsor internal improvements that would strengthen US infrastructure using labor to reduce unemployed. | |
| 548740711 | Tennessee Valley Authority | Act that called for a different method than NRA, using government to promote economic development by building dams in the River Valley Area and developed industry there. Had a lot more authority than PWA | |
| 548740712 | Huey Long | Louisiana Senator who criticized the New Deal's lack of helping normal citizens and called for a redistribution of wealth at the expense of the rich. A strong politician who was assasinated | |
| 548740713 | Father Charles Coughlin | Critic of the new deal who spoke on the radio weekly.O riginally a supporter and called for government to compel labor and capital to do its bidding. His talks turned anti-semetic | |
| 548740714 | National Union of Social Justice | Started by Coughlin and the precursor to a political third party but failed to generate enough support | |
| 548740715 | Francis Townsend | A critic of the new deal. A california doctor who claimed the solution to the depression was the give each senior citizen a check a month with the condition that they spend it and help stimulate the economy. Led to Roosevelt's creation of Social Security | |
| 548740716 | Labor Protest | After the industrial recovery act many labors joined unoins and wanted employers to abide by NRA regulations and when this failed they staged strikes, many turning violent | |
| 548740719 | Goal of Second New Deal | To abolish the evil ways of companies and become more Populist, but FDR just wanted to control the public and turn it away from radical solutions and save Democracy | |
| 548740720 | Keynesian Economics | Idea that by boosting consuer spending through government support, the money would stimulate the economy and gov't debt was needed | |
| 548740721 | Social Securities Act | Part of the second new deal that required states to set up welfare funds to give money to the elderly, unemployed and single mothers and provided a foundation for welfare state | |
| 548740722 | National Labor Relations Act | Delivered what NRA had only promised that gave every worker the right to join a union and employees had to bargain with the union. | |
| 548740724 | White Supremacy in the New deal | Afraid to lose the support of white, southern Democrats, Roosevelt did not pass any laws to protect poor farmers, particularly black ones. | |
| 548740725 | Men, Women & Reform | New Dealers, supporter of the New deal, worked to pass legislation to end child labor, set minimum wage and hours. It was a group of intellectuals who built a vision. There were Jews, Catholics and women. Men got most of the credit while women tended to work behind the scenes. Many men without jobs felt vulnerable and threatened by working women, feeling their position as breadwinner stripped. Some states even passed laws outlawing married women to work | |
| 548740727 | John C. Lewis | Leader of the United Mine Workers Union and CIO. Wanted to create one giant union and channeled their effort into Roosevelt's reelection campaign which helped greatly | |
| 548740728 | Woody Guthrie | A popular folk singer from Oklahoma who loved America and its people. Wrote "This Land is Your land" and inspired singers like Bob Dylan | |
| 548740730 | Black Cabinet | Blacks who were appointed to important second level posts in Roosevelt's administration. They worked together to end discrimination through the NewDeal but Roosevelt refused to support them if it meant losing support by white southern Democrats | |
| 548740731 | Mexican Americans | They suffered a lot as US government rounded up many of the illegal ones and sent them back to Mexico to give jobs back to "real Americans" even though some sent back were real citizens. Many retreated out of the public eye and their culture was broken up | |
| 548740732 | American Indians | Originally they had their land split up individually so the US gov't could get their land and many lost their land and lived in poverty. Once Collier became head of BIA did he pressure CCC, AAA and other organizations to hire Native Americans and brought compensation | |
| 548740733 | Court packing fiasco | Roosevelt tried to appoint new judges becase the others were all Republican judges and he didn't want them getting in the way of his New Deal. His arrogance angered previous NEw Deal supporters and his reputation suffered | |
| 763034388 | How was world affected by crash? | Germany suffered as American investors propping up economy bailed | |
| 763034389 | Causes of Great Depression | Agricultural problems Installment buying Uneven division of wealth Speculation Buying stocks on the margin | |
| 763034390 | How did behavior of those who lived through Great Depression change? | Many were distrustful of banks and always payed amounts in full | |
| 763034391 | Voluntarism | Hoover's solution to deal with Great Depression. Encouraged Americans to donate to charities | |
| 763034392 | Effects of Bonus Army | Hoover's public reputation went down the drain | |
| 763034393 | Second New Deal | Included more permanent acts like Social security & WPA More business friendly than first new deal | |
| 763034394 | Hundred Days | FDR's first 100 days in office where he pushed a record number of legislation through congress | |
| 763034395 | American Liberty League | Led by Al Smith. Staunch republicans who thought New Deal went too far | |
| 763034396 | Congress of Industrial Organization | the CIO was a new labor union that included unskilled workers |
