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| 300951627 | Teotihuacan | WHO: Native Americans WHAT: A city state that housed up to about 200,000 individuals, had several religious pyramids (importantly temples of sun and moon), was the center of a trade network, and had a detailed religion. Large amounts of religious pyramids suggest, but do not state, a theocracy. WHEN: about 1st century BCE to 8th century C.E. WHERE: America; near current day Mexico city in Northern-central mexico. WHY: As the first metropolis (a large, significant city that is powerful and influential to its neighbors) of Mesoamerica, the powerful city-state was the center of a complex and thriving trade network that went form Mexico to Central America. Important for being the center of religious activities. Agriculture based economy. | 0 | |
| 300951628 | Chinampas | Raised fields, or so-called "hanging gardens". They were created by piling up the mud and the natural vegetation of the swamps into grids of raised land crisscrossed by natural irrigation channels.the most resent archaeological estimate or their productivity suggest that they would feed eight people. | 1 | |
| 300951629 | Maya | emerging around 250 C.E. in present day Guatemala, Honduras, Belize, and southern Mexico. At its peak the Mayan population reached to about three million. it had a polytheistic religion. The Mayans created an elaborate hieroglyphic scrips.they also created an accurate calendar, and were gifted with architects. It is a mystery why they fell. | 2 | |
| 300951630 | Aztects | Also known as Mexica, the Aztecs created a powerful empire in central Mexico (1325-1521 CE). They forced defeated peoples to provide goods and labor as a tax. | 3 | |
| 300951631 | Tribute system | A system in which defeated peoples were forced to pay a tax in the form of goods and labor. This forced transfer of food, cloth, and other goods subsidized the development of large cities. An important component of the Aztec and Inca economies. | 4 | |
| 300951632 | Mita | Labor extracted for lands assigned to the state and the religion; all communities were expected to contribute; an essential aspect of Inca imperial control | 5 | |
| 300951633 | Inca | A Mesoamerican civilization of South America, centered in Peru. The Inca ruled a large empire and had many cultural and scientific achievements including an elaborate road system, architecture, and terrace farming. The arrival of the Spanish Conquistadores ended their empire in the 15th century. | 6 | |
| 300951634 | Colombian Exchange | the exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages. | 7 | |
| 300951635 | Council of the Indies | A group of royals that oversaw the government and enforced laws in Spanish America, that was established in 1524. | 8 | |
| 300951636 | Bartolome de las Casas | First bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. He devoted most of his life to protecting Amerindian peoples from exploitation. His major achievement was the New Laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to compel Amerindians to labor, | 9 | |
| 300980942 | Encomienda | A grant of authority over a population of Amerindians in the Spanish colonies. It provided the grant holder with a supply of cheap labor and periodic payments of goods by the Amerindians. It obliged the grant holder to Christianize the native Americans. | 10 | |
| 300980943 | Creoles | People of European ancestry born in Spanish New World colonies; dominated local economies; ranked socially below peninsulares. | 11 | |
| 300980944 | Mestizo | a person of mixed Native American and European ancestry. | 12 | |
| 300980945 | Mulatto | in Spain's colonies in the Americas, person who was of African and European descent | 13 | |
| 300980946 | House of Burgesses | the first elected legislative assembly in the New World established in the Colony of Virginia in 1619, representative colony set up by England to make laws and levy taxes but England could veto its legistlative acts | 14 | |
| 300999902 | Tupac Amaru II | Member of Inca aristocracy who led a rebellion against Spanish authorities in Peru in 1780-1781. He was captured and executed with his wife and other members of his family. | 15 | |
| 300999903 | Royal African Company | Chartered in 1660s to establish a monopoly over the slave trade among British merchants; supplied African slaves to colonies in Barbados, Jamaica, and Virginia. | 16 | |
| 300999904 | Atlantic System | The network of trading links after 1500 that moved goods, wealth, people, and cultures around the Atlantic Ocean basin. | 17 | |
| 300999905 | Dutch West India Company | Trading company chartered by the Dutch government to conduct its merchants' trade in the Americas and Africa | 18 | |
| 300999906 | Plantocracy | In the West Indian colonies, the rich men who owned most of the slaves and most of the land, especially in the eighteenth century. | 19 | |
| 300999907 | Manumission | the formal act of freeing from slavery | 20 | |
| 300999908 | Maroon | A slave who ran away from his or her master. Often a member of a community of runaway slaves in the West Indies and South America. | 21 | |
| 300999909 | Capitalism | an economic system in which investment in and ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth is made and maintained chiefly by private individuals or corporations, esp. as contrasted to cooperatively or state-owned means of wealth. | 22 | |
| 300999910 | Mercantilism | an economic system (Europe in 18th C) to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests | 23 | |
| 300999911 | Atlantic Circuit | The network of trade routes connecting Europe, Africa, and the Americas that underlay the Atlantic system. | 24 | |
| 300999912 | Middle Passage | a voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies | 25 | |
| 300999913 | Songhai | West African empire that flourished in the 1400s and 1500s, overthrown by Moroccans in 1591 | 26 | |
| 300999914 | Hausa | located on niger river, organized into city states, never untied, were farmers, traded a lot of cotton, crops, cold, salt. | 27 | |
| 300999915 | Bornu | A powerful West African kingdom at the southern edge of the Sahara in the Central Sudan, which was important in trans-Saharan trade and in the spread of Islam. Also known as Kanem-Bornu, it endured from the ninth century to the end of the nineteenth. | 28 |
