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| 3625507048 | The Regional States of Medieval Europe | European elites sought to recreate the Roman empire in Christian Europe through the creation of a centralized political structure, Byzantine empire flourished in the east through the early 11th century but was gradually weakened by internal conflict and external pressures, western Europe underwent process of early state-building: Holy Roman Empire, monarchial rule in France and England, Christian kingdoms in Iberia, kingdoms/princedoms/city-states in Italy; medieval Europe= political mosaic of independent and competing regional states | 0 | |
| 3625520121 | Late Byzantine Empire | 11th century: wealthy landowners undermine the theme system: they gradually accumulate land and create large estates, free peasants transform into class of dependent agricultural laborers, diminished tax receipts, no incentive to join military | 1 | |
| 3625528711 | Challenges from the West | western European economic development promoted political and military expansion, Normans from Scandinavia settled in Northern France and established a state in southern Italy (pushing out Byzantines), Crusades rampage through Byzantine territory on the way to Jerusalem and other holy sites: Constantinople sacked in 1204 during 4th crusade, led by venetian merchants, sought to plunder and weaken commercial competitor, city recovered by Byzantine in 1261 | 2 | |
| 3625545973 | Challenges from the East | Saljuqs invade Anatolia, defeat Byzantines at Manzikert creating civil conflict, Italian merchants and western Europeans crusaders and Turks all worked to destroy any practical power the Byzantine empire had, period of steady decline till Ottomans capture capital and rename it Istanbul | 3 | |
| 3625558606 | Holy Roman Empire | local elites provided order regionally throughout western Europe, some worked to expand control of territory beyond traditionally held regions, Otto I of Saxony takes advantage of decline of Carolingian empire to establish kingdom in north Germany, Pope John XII names Otto emperor of the Holy Roman Empire and overtime, emperor/pope relations deteriorate, competing claims to authority prevent emperors from building a large and powerful state | 4 | |
| 3625573554 | Tensions between Emperors and the Church | investiture contest during late 11th and early 12th century, Pope Gregory VII attempts to end practice of lay investiture (non-clerical officials naming bishops and cardinals), emperor Henry IV challenges Pope resulting in his excommunication, announces that subordinate rulers no longer have to listen to Henry IV and German princes use this as an opportunity to rebel, emperor begs for forgiveness and eventually regains control but greatly weakened, demonstrates papal ability to prevent emperor from building too powerful of a state | 5 | |
| 3625586442 | Frederick Barbarossa | attempt to absorb Lombardy in northern Italy, Italy combined with Germany would have afforded Barbarossa the ability to reassert control over German princes and become the key political figure in Europe, popes did not want him to gain this much power, papacy prevented the Holy Roman Empire from ever becoming a powerful state- never restored imperial unity to western Europe | 6 | |
| 3625599457 | Regional Monarchies: France and England | no central imperial power allows new regional kingdoms to develop, Capetian France: Hugh Capet succeeds last Carolingian Emperor, slowly expands authority by collecting land from those without heirs and gained the right to enforce laws throughout kingdom, Normans in England: dukes of Normandy first subordinate to Carolingian and then Capetian powers, dukes rule as if autonomous, power highly centralized, controlled all land in Norman France, invade England under William the Conqueror, dominate Angles, Saxons, and other Germanic groups, rule more tightly centralized that that of the Capetians | 7 | |
| 3625616964 | Italy | never united under one political entity, series of ecclesiastical state, city-states, and principalities competed fro control of various regions, papal state directly control by Pope, good sized territory in central Italy, by 12th century city-states increasingly displace church control in northern Italy, cities grow wealthy from trade and manufacturing, challenge and eventually replace authority of bishops, Normans invade southern Italy and displace Byzantine and Muslim authorities, brought southern Italy under the control of the Catholic church | 8 | |
| 3625640581 | Iberian Peninsula | Muslim controlled from 8th to 12th century, small Christian states existed in northern mountains, from 11th century one, Christian conquest of Spanish Muslim territories: backed by Norman mercenaries and Christian kingdoms established like Portugal, Castile, and Aragon, Muslims remain only in Granada | 9 | |
| 3625650885 | Economic Growth and Social Development | regional political organizations stabilized Europe, allowed fro increased agricultural production, population growth, urbanization, manufacturing, trade, and technological development | 10 | |
| 3625655721 | Growth of Agricultural Economu | increasing development of arable lands: minimized threat of invading nomads causing stability, serfs and monks clear swamps and forests, nobles encourage development of agricultural lands because of use as tax base; improved agricultural techniques: crop rotation reduces soil nutrient depletion, new crops (beans) provide protein source and promotes nitrogen fixation in soil, animal use in work, food, and fertilization, ponds dug for fish, agricultural literature written to spread knowledge about farming; new tools and technology: horseshoe and horse collar increased amount of land able to be cultivated, shoes prevent split hooves and horse collars prevent hard | 11 | |
| 3625672725 | Revival of Towns and Trade | urbanization follows increase in food supply, cities established during Roman times experience revival during High Middle Ages, specialization of labor: artisans, merchants, and professionals, textile production= key export of western Europe, peasants increasingly leave countryside for better opportunities, Mediterranean trade: urban development most notes in Italy because well positioned for sea trade with Byzantine and Muslim merchants, Italian colonies established in major ports of Mediterranean and Black Sea, Italy connected to Muslim trade in the Indian Ocean and land based trade with India, SE Asia, and China | 12 | |
| 3625688998 | Hanseatic League | "Hansa", association of trading cities, trade in Baltic and North Seas, fairs and rivers linked northern markets to Mediterraneans | 13 | |
| 3625692764 | Social Change | three estates: those who pray (clergy), those who fight (knights/nobles), and those who work (peasants) | 14 | |
| 3625695832 | Chivalry | code of conduct for nobles, sponsored by Church to minimize fighting among Christians, knight had to dedicate his efforts to promotion and protection of Christianity, especially protection of women | 15 | |
| 3625699813 | Troubadours | class of traveling poets, minstrels, entertainers, borrowed Islamic traditions of love poetry, spread of cultural ideas to Europe, popular among aristocratic women, popularization of idea of romantic love, refinement of European knights | 16 | |
| 3625706497 | Independent Cities | additions to class of "those who work", awkward fit into framework of medieval political order, by late 11th century towns demand charters of integration for greater self government | 17 | |
| 3625711730 | Guilds | organization of merchants, workers, artisans, by 13th century guilds control good portion of urban economy, price and quality control, membership, created social support network | 18 | |
| 3625716207 | Urban Women | new economic opportunities for women, dominated needle trade, representation in wide variety of trades, admitted to most guilds | 19 | |
| 3625719106 | Cathedral Schools | during early middle ages, European society is too unstable to provide institutions of advanced learning, some rudimentary education at monasteries and occasional scholars at courts, high middle ages increasing wealth makes education possible, complex society necessitates professionals educated in issues, schools based in cathedrals, curriculum of Latin writing | 20 | |
| 3625725730 | Universities | academic guilds formed in 12th century, student guilds protected students from rent gouging, demanded rigorous curriculum from teachers, faculty guilds empower teachers to confer academic degrees, acted as licenses to teach, controlled curriculum, higher standards of education promoted, guilds transform cathedral schools into universities, first established in Italy, taught primarily law, theology, and medicine | 21 | |
| 3625731754 | Influence of Aristotle | development of universities occurs at the same time of rediscovery of Aristotle's works, Latin translations of Byzantine Greek texts circulate in Europe due to trade interactions, Jewish and Muslim scholars provide other translations from Arabic translations, St. Thomas Aquinas major proponent of scholasticism: synthesis of Christianity and Aristotle, University of Paris, believed that Gods existence could be proven rationally, some omnipotent power put the world in motion, isolated to intellectual elites | 22 | |
| 3625737274 | Popular Religion | population at large remained unaffected by Scholasticism, indifferent to philosophy of Aristotle, Christianity's importance to the masses based on established rituals and beliefs that brought meaning to life, seven sacraments gain ritual popularity over theology, devotion to saints, the virgin mary | 23 | |
| 3625742430 | Religious Movements | as Europe became more economically developed and prosperous the devout feared that the Church was becoming too materialistic, rebellion against perceived materialism of Roman Catholic church occurred both internally and externally, St. Dominic and St. Francis create orders of mendicants to promote spiritual over material values, vows of poverty, fought external reform movements | 24 | |
| 3625745320 | Popular Heresy | those who opposed/rejected the Church externally, Waldensian charged clergy as immoral and corrupt, urged more lay control of preaching, sacrament, exists today as Protestant church; Bogomils flourished in both Byzantium and western Europe, ascetic regimes rejection of official church, government and church mount campaign to destroy boy | 25 | |
| 3625749147 | Medieval Expansion of Europe | population and economic growth strengthened European society to a point where expansion was possible in both pagans and Islamic lands, expansions occurs in Atlantic, Baltic and Mediterranean, Atlantic and Baltic colonization: Scandinavians explore North Atlantic Ocean, Iceland occupied by 9th century, Greenland claimed by Eric the Red in 10th century, Leif Ericsson led exploration from Greenland to Newfoundland, while unsuccessful, demonstrates European ability to launch explorations, kings of Denmark convert to Christianity | 26 | |
| 3625754210 | Crusading Orders | religious Christian from military regions order, religious vows of opposition to Islam and paganism, Teutonic knights active in Baltic regions where they faced pagan slaves, supported by German missionaries established churches and monasteries in conquered land. founded churches and monasterias | 27 | |
| 3625757560 | Reconquest of Sicily and Spain | Sicily taken by Muslims in 9th century, reconquered by Normans in 11th, slow displacement of Islam, opportunity for cross-cultural diffusion, two small Christian states survive Muslim conquest, become nucleus of reconquest, rapid and forceful assertions of Christian authority | 28 | |
| 3625761011 | Beginning of the Crusades | any holy ware initaiated by the pope where knights were instructed to take up the cross and fight on behalf of Christianity, traditionally refers to conquests initiated by the papacy to conquer the Holy Land, Byzantine emperor first requests military aid from the pope to stop expansion of Muslim Turks, Pope Urban II calls for strengthening of Christian borders | 29 | |
| 3625764561 | The First Crusade | Norman and French nobles organize military expedition to Palestine, capture Edessa and Antioch, capture Jerusalem due to poor Muslim organization, Saladin recaptures Jerusalem, Muslim forces eventually push crusaders out of eastern Mediterranean | 30 | |
| 3625769198 | Later Crusades and Their Consequences | five by mid 13th century, none successful, fourth is a fiasco that destroys Constantinople, provide direct contact with Muslim ideologies and trade, importance lies in cross-cultural interactions between Muslims and Christians: large scale exchange of ideas, technologies, and trade goods, introduction of new products from Muslims, Italian merchants work to satisfy demands for foreign luxury goods by developing new products, reintegrate western Europe in larger economy of eastern hemisphere | 31 |
