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| 6187466650 | Mutualism/symbiosis | A relationship between two species in which both species benefit | 0 | |
| 6187468456 | Example of symbiosis | Animal (coral) + photosynthesizer (zooxanthellae) | 1 | |
| 6187476867 | Coral bleaching | The death or expulsion of the algae that live in coral reefs and give the coral its bright color; often caused by a change in water temperature or other conditions When stressed, algae leaves the coral → coral is left bleached and vulnerable |  | 2 |
| 6187523392 | Domain Eukarya | Euakaryotes are a monophyletic group, a sister clade to the archaea, and structurally very diverse |  | 3 |
| 6187536129 | Members of the domain Eukarya (see slide 8) | Plants, animals, fungi and protists ("other" group) | 4 | |
| 6187684351 | Unicellular protists | Microbial eukaryotes (ex: an excavate) | 5 | |
| 6187693660 | Multicellular protists | Giant kelp | 6 | |
| 6187706428 | What are the advantages of a eukaryotic cell over a prokaryotic cell? | Compartmentalization allows: 1. Separation of potentially harmful substances from the rest of the cell 2. Greater regulation of metabolism 3. Greater specialization of cells (including option for multicellularity) | 7 | |
| 6187738667 | The evolution of eukaryotic cells include the following: | The origin of a flexible cell surface, cytoskeleton, and a nuclear envelope The appearance of digestive vesicles The endosymbiotic acquisition of certain organelles | 8 | |
| 6187803610 | Origin of flexible cell surface | Loss of cell wall → cell could exchange materials with its environment rapidly enough to sustain a larger volume + more rapid metabolism Allows endocytosis Formation of ribosome-studded internal membrane → endoplasmic reticulum | 9 | |
| 6187824158 | Endocytosis | A process in which a cell engulfs extracellular material through an inward folding of its plasma membrane. | 10 | |
| 6187836047 | Origin of a cytoskeleton | Genes encoding cytoskeleton have homologs in prokaryotes Allowed larger cell to manage changes in its shape Allowed distribution of daughter chromosomes Moves materials from one part of the cell to another | 11 | |
| 6187904672 | Origin of a nuclear envelope | Prokaryotic DNA is attached to cell membrane Infolding of plasma membrane attached to chromosome → formation of nuclear envelope | 12 | |
| 6187913434 | Appearance of digestive vesicles | Ability to *phagocytose* was crucial for endosymbiosis | 13 | |
| 6187919554 | Primary endosymbiosis | Chloroplastsderived from direct engulfment of a cyanobacterium |  | 14 |
| 6187929477 | Secondary endosymbiosis | Engulfment of a cell that already contains a chloroplast |  | 15 |
| 6187943372 | Endosymbiosis | Mitochondria and plastids (and peroxisomes) were derived from bacterial lineages Entire bacteria were engulfed by eukaryotes and evolved into mitochondria and plastids | 16 | |
| 6187961567 | Original function of mitochondria | Detoxifying O2 produced by cyanobacteria | 17 | |
| 6187964879 | Cyanobacteria | Photosynthetic, oxygen-producing bacteria (formerly known as blue-green algae). | 18 | |
| 6187969415 | _________ enabled photosynthesis | Plastids | 19 | |
| 6188054884 | Plankton | Free-floating aquatic organisms | 20 | |
| 6188056798 | Phytoplankton | photosynthetic plankton | 21 | |
| 6188058780 | Autotrophs | An organism capable of synthesizing its own food from inorganic substances using light or chemical energy. Green plants, algae, and certain bacteria are autotrophs | 22 | |
| 6188062591 | Heterotrophs | Require organic compounds made by other organisms as their source of carbon | 23 | |
| 6188076520 | Alveolates | a group of eukaryotes that have membrane-enclosed sacs (*alveoli*) just below their plasma membranes, composed of ciliates, dinoflagellates, and ampicomplexans | 24 | |
| 6188085433 | Dinoflagellates | Mostly marine (ocean and freshwater); major photosynthesizers Primary producers, providing food for many species and much of the atmospheric oxygen Most have 2 flagella Major part of phytoplankton | 25 | |
| 6188098727 | What protist is a parasite? | Plasmodium | 26 | |
| 6188101716 | Plasmodium | Causative agent of malaria Malaria: infectious disease transmitted by mosquitoes that are infected by protists; mosquitos transfer it to humans | 27 | |
| 6188114985 | Stramenopiles | Group of eukaryotes with tubular hairs on the longer of their two flagella Diatoms, brown algae and oomycetes belong to this group | 28 | |
| 6188122398 | Diatoms | Deposit silicon in their cell walls → intricate appearance *Diatomaceous earth*: soil composed off diatom skeletons Major photosynthetic producers in coastal waters and fresh waters |  | 29 |
| 6188214004 | Protist reproduction | Both sexual and asexual Asexual → cloneal lineages |  | 30 |
| 6188221081 | Dinoflagellates cause red tides | Dinoflagellate blooms allow for rapid reproduction Red color is caused by pigment molecules that absorb lights Toxic to other organisms in the water (kill shellfish) | 31 | |
| 6188230602 | Humans rely on remains of diatoms | Living diatoms store oil as an energy reserve and to stay afloat Dead diatoms sink to the ocean floor and become petrol + natural gas Remains are a fossil fuel | 32 |
