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| 6560984270 | Wilhelm Wundt | Father of psychology; structuralist (parts of mind); introspection (report on inner/current experience) |  | 0 |
| 6560984271 | William James | First American psychologist; functionalist (purpose of whole mind); believed physiological reactions precede emotions (_______-Lange theory of emotion) |  | 1 |
| 6560984272 | Sigmund Freud | Father of psychoanalysis (study of unconscious mind); techniques include free-association, projective tests, and revealing defense mechanisms |  | 2 |
| 6560984273 | Ivan Pavlov | While studying digestion of dogs, discovered that REFLEXES or EMOTIONS can be conditioned (Classical Conditioning); dog learns to salivate at bell (CS) when paired with food (UCS) |  | 3 |
| 6560984274 | Alfred Binet | Created Simon-_______ test to assess the mental age of children; offered special education to intellectually disabled in France (1905) |  | 4 |
| 6560984275 | John Watson | Father of behaviorism; Wrote in 1924: "Give me a dozen healthy infants, ... I'll ... train him to become [a] doctor, lawyer, artist, ...thief, regardless of his talents, ... abilities, ...and race..." Classically conditioned a baby "Little Albert" to fear a white rat (CS) using loud noise (UCS) |  | 5 |
| 6560984276 | BF Skinner | Behaviorist who invented the OPERANT CHAMBER and experimented with schedules of reinforcement; VARIABLE-RATIO most addictive and LEAST resistant to extinction |  | 6 |
| 6560984277 | Jean Piaget | Developmental psychologist who studied cognitive abilities of children. His discontinuous stages include: SENSORIMOTOR (object permanence/separation anxiety); PRE-OPERATIONAL (egocentrism/animism/ centration/theory of mind); CONCRETE OPERATIONAL (logic/conservation); and FORMAL OPERATIONAL (abstract reasoning/hypothetical thinking/deductive reasoning) |  | 7 |
| 6560984278 | Erik Erikson | Developmental psychologist who studied social interactions over the life stages. He believed that adolescents go through "identity vs. role confusion" and YOUNG ADULTS go through "intimacy vs. isolation." |  | 8 |
| 6560984279 | Lawrence Kohlberg | Developmental psychologist who studied morality through the life stages. His discontinuous stages include: PRECONVENTIONAL (rewards/punishments); CONVENTIONAL (the opinions of others/rules&law); POSTCONVENTIONAL (rights of others/civil disobedience) |  | 9 |
| 6560984280 | Carol Gilligan | Criticized Lawrence Kohlberg (was his research assistant at Harvard). First, she believed he only studied privileged, white men and boys. Secondly, in his stage theory of moral development, the male view of individual rights and rules was considered a higher stage than women's point of view of development in terms of its caring effect on human relationships. |  | 10 |
| 6560984281 | Harry Harlow | Experimented with rhesus monkeys and created "surrogate" mothers of wire or cloth. The monkeys preferred the "contact comfort" or "tactile" experience of the cloth mother over the wire mother. Monkeys spent more hours with the cloth mother than the wire one who provided nourishment (bottle). |  | 11 |
| 6560984282 | Mary Ainsworth | Put babies in a room with strangers: Those with SECURE attachment played in front of the stranger and cried at first when mother left. But SECURE babies calmed down when mother returned. AMBIVALENT babies had TANTRUMS when mothers left and did not calm down when they returned. AVOIDANT babies did not interact or cry. |  | 12 |
| 6560984283 | Carl Rogers | Founder of humanism; former Christian minister; believed clients deserved UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD (blanket of acceptance) and he used a CLIENT-CENTERED APPROACH which validated the client's emotions (EMPATHY) |  | 13 |
| 6560984284 | Abraham Maslow | Humanist who created a "hierarchy of needs" that begin with physiological needs; safety needs; love and belongingness needs; self-esteem needs; self-actualization (full potential) and transcendence |  | 14 |
| 6560984285 | Aaron Beck | Cognitive psychologist who made a well-known depression inventory; noted negative thinking in depression and continues to use cognitive therapy to heal people with depression, schizophrenia |  | 15 |
| 6560984286 | Albert Ellis | Cognitive psychologist who created Rational-Emotive-Behavior-Therapy (REBT). This suggests that THOUGHTS come before emotions and if people can change their irrational thoughts, they will act and feel healthy. |  | 16 |
| 6560984287 | Albert Bandura | Social-cognitive psychologist who experimented with MODELED aggression by having children watch an adult beat up a BOBO doll. This social-learning/observational theorist also coined the term "self-efficacy" (the belief in abilities to complete a task) & "triadic reciprocality" or reciprocal determinism (thoughts<->behaviors<->environment) |  | 17 |
| 6560984288 | Elizabeth Loftus | Her experiments with "false memories" reveal that people can be misled by false-presuppositions (false assumptions) and misinformation. Subjects who were asked "how fast cars were going when they 'smashed' into each other" gave higher speeds on average (versus words like 'contacted') |  | 18 |
| 6560984289 | Noam Chomsky | Linguist who argued that language is innate; we are born with the principals of language, but there is a CRITICAL PERIOD to apply them. Universally, children use one-word speech with mostly nouns and then in TELEGRAPHIC speech (2-word), the syntax (word order) is often correct. There is surface structure [e.g. phonemes or small units of sounds] and deep structure in language [semantics/meaning]. Children often OVERGENERALIZE or OVERREGULARIZE when they abuse the rules of grammer (e.g. I goed to the store). |  | 19 |
| 6560984290 | Stanley Schachter | This psychologist came up with the two-factor theory of emotion. He argued that cognitive labels AND physiological arousal were essential to experiencing emotion |  | 20 |
| 6560984291 | Stanley Milgram | Experimented with AUTHORITY figures and whether or not they increase OBEDIENCE/COMPLIANCE. 65% of subjects/teachers shocked (with fake volts) a confederate or learner. |  | 21 |
| 6560984292 | Solomon Asch | Experimented with GROUP PRESSURE to see if people would be more likely to CONFORM. 75% of subjects followed a group of confederates at least once regarding the length of lines. |  | 22 |
| 6560984293 | Benjamin Whorf | A linguist who suggested "linguistic determinism" - that is, that our language impacts our thoughts. Each culture's language is relative: In some countries numbers are important whereas the Piraha tribe in Brazil does not count past 3. |  | 23 |
| 6560984296 | Lewis Terman | A eugenicist and psychologist who created the Stanford-Binet Intelligence test (1916). Formula: mental age divided by chronological age and multiplied by 100. His thesis at Clark University was titled "seven 'bright' and seven 'stupid' boys." |  | 24 |
| 6560984297 | Diana Baumrind | Observed parenting styles: 1) authoritarian (strict, enforce rules); 2) authoriTATive (warm, enforce rules); and 3) permissive (indulgent or neglectful, no rules) |  | 25 |
| 6560984298 | James Flynn | Documents a rise in IQ scores from generation to generation: partially due to environmental reasons like more education, nutrition, etc |  | 26 |
| 6560984299 | Charles Spearman | Used "factor analysis" to CLUSTER similar skills that make up "g" or general intelligence. This is one intelligence that includes math, verbal, spatial skills, and speed of thought |  | 27 |
