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The Post Classical Era - AP World History Flashcards

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8456671401600CE-1450CEthe timeframe for the post-classical period0
8456671402Japanese Feudalism1
8456671403European Feudalism2
8456671404FeudalismBasic concept refers to the political and social order of medieval Europe; based on a hierarchy of lords and vassals who controlled political and military affairs3
8456671405Neo-ConfucianismA philosophy that emerged in Song-dynasty China; it revived Confucian thinking while adding in Buddhist and Daoist elements.4
8456671406Tang DynastyThis dynasty made good use of the Han's development of bureaucracy by recruiting government officials who were well educated, loyal, and efficient. Although powerful families used their resources to place relatives in government positions, most bureaucrats won their posts because of intellectual ability.5
8456671407bureaucracysystem of managing government through departments run by appointed officials (not elected)6
8456671408CaliphateOffice established in succession to the Prophet Muhammad, to rule the Islamic empire; also the name of that empire.7
8456671409CrusadesA series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule.8
8456671410Islamthis religion was a unifying force in culture aspects of Eurasia and Africa - similar religion (Islam), similar language (Arabic), similar art (forbids art of humans.9
8456671411Arabesque designgeometric designs; no human figures in art10
8456671412Trans-Sahara trade11
8456671413Indian Ocean trade12
8456671414Silk routes13
8456671415Mongol EmpireAn empire founded in the 12th century by Genghis Khan, which reached its greatest territorial extent in the 13th century, encompassing the larger part of Asia and extending westward to the Dnieper River in eastern Europe.14
8456671416Mayan EmpireThe major civilization in Southern Mexico and the Yucatan Peninsula from 150 B.C.E. to 900 C. E.; kings were not divine, created calendars, used terraced farming, human sacrifices, and was the only Mesoamerican civilization to have a written language15
8456671417Muhammadconsidered by Muslims to be the last messenger and prophet sent by God to guide humanity to the right way16
8456671418JustinianEastern Roman emperor between 527 and 565 CE; tried to restore unity of old Roman Empire; issued most famous compilation of Roman Law; extended later Roman architecture17
8456671419Genghis Khan(1167?-1227) One of the Mongol's greatest leaders and founder of the Mongol Empire.18
8456671420Kubilai Khangrandson of Genghis Khan. He conquered China, founding and becoming the first emperor of the country's Yuan Dynasty19
8456671421Marco Polo(1254-1324) Italian explorer and author. He made numerous trips to China and returned to Europe to write of his journeys. He is responsible for much of the knowledge exchanged between Europe and China during this time period.20
8456671422Ibn Battuta(1304-1369) Morrocan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan. His writings gave a glimpse into the world of that time period.21
8456671423SaladinMuslim leader in the last decades of the 12th century; reconquered dost of the crusader outposts for Islam22
8456671424Mansa Musagreatest Mali king; brought Mali to its peak of power and wealth from 1312 the 1337; expanded borders, maintained peace and order, religious freedom and tolerance; hajj to Mecca; built Timbuktu23
8456671425Zheng Hea Chinese admiral that was sent on expeditions to form relationships between China and other countries (Ming Dynasty)24
8456671426Sui DynastyAs one of the ephemeral dynasties in Chinese history, this existed for only 38 years, was established by Yang Jian in 581. Built a strong central government with work done by peasants. Public works projects included palaces, granaries, and repair of defensive walls; Most elaborate project was the Grand Canal.25
8456671427Tang Dynasty(618-907 CE) The Chinese dynasty that was much like the Han, who used Confucianism. This dynasty had the equal-field system, a bureaucracy based on merit, and a Confucian education system.26
8456671428Song Dynasty(960 - 1279 CE); this dynasty was started by Tai Zu; by 1000, a million people were living there; started feet binding; had a magnetic compass; had a navy; traded with india and persia (brought pepper and cotton); first to have paper money, explosive gun powder; *landscape black and white paintings.27
8456671429Ming DynastySucceeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China.28
8456671430Yuan Dynasty(1279-1368 CE) The dynasty with Mongol rule in China; centralized with bureaucracy but structure is different: Mongols on top->Persian bureaucrats->Chinese bureuacrats.29
8456671431Ghana Empire(800CE-1050CE) Complex societies based on trans-Saharan trade with salt and gold had existed in the region since ancient times located on Niger and Senegal River; "Land of Gold"30
8456671432Mali Empire(1235CE-1450CE) established by Sundial, their greatest emperor was Mansa Musa, expanded borders to Atlantic ocean and converted to Islam (located in northwestern Africa)31
8456671433Delhi SultanateCentralized Indian empire of varying extent, created by Muslim invaders. (1210 - 1256)32
8456671434Kievan RussiaA monarchy established in present day Russia in the 6th and 7th centuries. It was ruled through loosely organized alliances with regional aristocrats from. The Scandinavians coined the term "Russia". It was greatly influenced by Byzantine Empire. Conquered by the Mongols in the thirteenth century.33
8456671435Golden HordeOne of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol Empire after the death of Chinggis Khan; conquered and ruled Russia during the 13th and 14th centuries34
8456671436Ottoman Empire- Western Turkey, 1299-1923 - Conquered Byzantine Empire - Capital: Istanbul (formerly Constantinople) - Covered most of old Roman and Byzantine territories - Became very wealthy because ease of trade35
8456671437Mughal Empire- Ruled over India, 1526-1857 - Islam was the official religion - Known for building Taj Mahal36
8456671438Safavid Empire- Ruled over Iran, 501-1736 - Trade/Commerce experienced success through European participation in Iranian territories - Used missionaries to spread Shia Islam37
8456671439Qu'ranRevelations believed to be sacred words of Allah38
8456671440Umayyad Dynastyruled the dar al-islam as conquerors and their policies reflected the interests of the Arab military aristocracy. short dynasty39
8456671441Abbasid EmpireEmpire that: - Claimed descent from Muhammad's uncle; more acceptable to Shi'ites - Changed policies opening religion to all on equal basis - Helped est. Islam as a universalizing religion - Cosmopolitan mix of cultures emerged Golden Age of Islam Problems with governing vast area40
8456671442Bantu Migrationgroup of 300 common but distinct languages called Bantu ("people") 500 BCE to 1000 CE - massive transfer of Bantu languages and lifestyles southward from their home in modern Nigeria, creating Pan-African traditions and practices41
8456671443dhowsships used in the indian ocean trade routes42
8456671444Mit'aAndean labor system based on shared obligations to help kinsmen and work on behalf of the ruler and religious organizations.43
8456671445TerracingA soil conservation technique that prevents erosion on STEEP hills by heavy rains.44
8456671446ChinampasRaised fields constructed along lake shores in Mesoamerica to increase agricultural yields.45
8456671447ConstantinopleA large and wealthy city that was the imperial capital of the Byzantine empire and later the Ottoman empire, now known as Istanbul.46
8456671448Chinese JunkA very large flat-bottom sailing ship produced in the Tang and Song Empires, specially designed for long-distance commercial travel.47
8456671449BantuA major African language family. Collective name of a large group of sub-Saharan African languages and of the peoples speaking these languages. Famous for migrations throughout central and southern Africa.48
8456671450DhowArab sailing vessels with triangular or lateen sails; strongly influenced European ship design.49
8456671451Sui Dynasty(589-618 CE) The Chinese dynasty that was like the Qin Dynasty in imposing tight political discipline; this dynasty built the Grand Canal which helped transport the rice in the south to the north.50
8456671452VikingsDanes, Norse, ruled by kings and nobles, fairly democratic, hunters, gatherers, fishers, esp. farmers, raided Europe and the British Isles as the weather permitted, used slaves, assemblies of landowners made the laws, during the 800s famine, dominated the North Atlantic through the thirteenth century.51
8456671453TimbuktuMali trading city that became a center of wealth and learning52
8456671454Incan EmpireA Mesoamerican civilization in the Andes Mountains in South America that by the end of the 1400s was the largest empire in the Americas including much of what is now Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, and Chile; conquered by Pizarro.53
8456671455Aztec EmpireCentral American empire constructed by the Mexica and expanded greatly during the fifteenth century during the reigns of Itzcoatl and Motecuzoma I. Conquered by Cortes.54
8456671456SwahiliBantu language with Arabic loanwords spoken in coastal regions of East Africa.55
8456671457Byzantine Empire(330-1453) The eastern half of the Roman Empire, which survived after the fall of the Western Empire at the end of the 5th century C.E. Its capital was Constantinople, named after the Emperor Constantine.56
8456671458AristocracyHighest class in certain societies or a form of government in which power is held by the nobility57
8456671459Angkor WatLargest religious monument in the world. It was originally a Hindu temple for god and then it became a Buddhist temple58
8456671460Great Zimbabwelocated in the modern African country of Zimbabwe, whose many stone structures were built between about 1250 and 1450, when it was a trading center and the capital of a large state.59
8456671461Hundred Years War (1337-1453)series of conflicts waged from 1337 to 1453 by the rulers of the Kingdom of England, against the rulers of the Kingdom of France, for control of the Kingdom of France60
8456671462Decline of Abbasid Caliphate- Hostility increased b/t Sunni/Shi'ites - Difficult to hold diverse empire together from one central location - Slave revolts and peasant uprisings Incompetent caliphs --- Abbasids hired Seljuk Turks as soldiers; gained power - Seljuk leader Tughril took over Baghdad; caliph is figurehead - Mongols seized throne in 125861
8456671463Early Middle Ages- Collapse of political, social, and military order left Europe in chaos - Continuing invasions and conflicts - The Church provided cultural unity and enabled the area to regain some control62
8456671464tribal chieftainsIn the Early Middle Ages, Roman governors were replaced with __________ __________.63
8456671465manorialismPolitical, economic, and social system by which the peasants of medieval Europe were tied to their land and their lord through serfdom; defined both economic and political obligations between lords and peasant laborers64
8456671466DividedAfter Charlemagne's death, the empire was ___________65
8456671467Monasteriesthe primary centers of learning and literacy in medieval Europe; played important role in providing stability during Dark Ages66
8456671468ConstantineWho moved the capital to Constantinople which made a split in political authority which further led to a split in religious authority?67
8456671469Benedictine RuleChurch supported monasteries in rural areas68
8456671470FeudalismWhat discouraged the growth of strong central government and political power of the Church countered power of the kings?69
8456671471Magna CartaGreat Charter issued by King John of England in 1215; confirmed feudal rights against monarchical claims; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy.70
8456671472William of Normandy (the Conqueror)landed on the coast of England and defeated king Harold at the battle of hastings. took a census known as Domesday book, became king of England.71
8456671473GhettosEuropean Christians discriminated against Jews who lived in segregated communities, which are also know as:72
8456671474Carolingian Renaissancepertaining to the empire of Charlemagne • Revival of Book Making • Adoption of Roman Architectural Forms • Creation of Imperial Imagery73
8456671475scholasticismA method of doing theology and philosophy which aims at a better understanding of revealed truths; attempt to rationalize theology in order to support faith by reason74
84566714761453, IstanbulThe Byzantine Empire survived until ________; fell to Ottoman Turks and renamed __________.75
8456671477Hagia Sophiaone of the most important examples of Christian architecture in the world; a church built by Justinian with a magnificent domed structure that later became a mosque76
8456671478Corpus Juris CivilisThe Byzantines had the most important contribution codification of Roman Law; basis for civil law codes that developed throughout much of western Europe77
8456671479TheodoraEmpress _____________ had great influence over Justinian78
8456671480SuiWhich Dynasty established by northern Chinese noble family and reunited China?79
8456671481Grand Canalbuilt by Sui linked the Yellow and Yangzi as key component to the internal trade80
8456671482Eastern Orthodox Churchderived from the church of the Byzantine Empire81
8456671483Fiefsan estate of land, especially one held on condition of feudal service82
8456671484Civil Service Exams Systemtesting designed to select the most studious and learned candidates for appointment as bureaucrats in the Chinese government.83
8456671485Neo-ConfucianismAppeal of Buddhism and Emphasis on the importance of social life and rejection of withdrawal through meditation led to what?84
8456671486TrueDuring Tang and early Song women had more rights. True or False?85
8456671487CharlemagneKing of the Franks (r. 768-814); emperor (r. 800-814). Through a series of military conquests he established the Carolingian Empire, which encompassed all of Gaul and parts of Germany and Italy. Illiterate, though started an intellectual revival.86
8456671488Empress Wu Zhaoonly woman to rule in her own name in Chinese history (Song Dynasty)87
8456671489Fujiwara RuleJapanese aristocratic family in mid-9th century; exercised exceptional influence over imperial affairs; aided in decline of imperial power.88
8456671490Fall of MongolsDistance between the capital and borders made it impossible to maintain unity for long (similar to large empires before)89
8456671491Indian Ocean tradeAfter the Mongol Empire broke up, trade along the Silk Road ended and many turned to _______________.90
8456671492Toltecs- first to unify central Mexico after the people of Teotihuacan - Centralized state based on military power - Were replaced by the Aztecs91
8456671493AppealingPax Mongolica and Dar al-Islam (House of Islam) made travel more _______________.92
8456671494Angkor WatLargest religious monument in the world. It was originally a Hindu temple for god and then it became a Buddhist temple93
8456671495Dar-al-Islamareas of which Islam spread to; lands under Islamic influences94
8456671496Sunnimajor sect of islam "the traditionalists"95
8456671497Shiaminor sect of islam separated from the Sunni due to the belief that ali should be the first caliph after muhammad96
8456671498Berke(1257-1266) A ruler of the Golden Horde; converted to Islam; his threat to Hulegu combined with the growing power of Mamluks in Egypt forestalled further Mongol conquests in the Middle East97
8456671499JurchensFounders of the Qin kingdom that succeeded the Liao in northern China; annexed most of the Yellow River basin and forced Song to flee to south98
8456671500Xuanzanga Chinese Buddhist monk, scholar, traveller, and translator who described the interaction between China and India in the early Tang dynasty.99
8456671501Alhambrathe complete Arabic form of which was Qalat Al-Hamra, is a palace and fortress complex located in Granada, Andalusia, Spain.100
8456671502Pope Gregory VIIthe pope who fought to establish the supremacy of the pope over the Church and the supremacy of the Church over the state (1020-1085).101
8456671503Sufismystical Muslim group that believed they could draw closer to God through prayer, fasting, & simple life102
8456671504Hong WuHe established this Ming ("brilliant") dynasty, following the Yuang dynasty, in 1368; his immediate goal was to remove all signs of Mongol rule103
8456671505Holy Roman Empirea political entity in Europe that began with the papal coronation of Otto I as the first emperor in 962 and laster until 1806 when it was dissolved by Napoleon.104
8456671506Songhai(1450-1586CE) Leader (Sonni Ali) used powerful army to build largest state in West Africa; came after the fall of Mali105
8456671507Humanismfocus on humankind as center of intellectual and artistic endeavor; method of study that emphasized the superiority of classical forms over medieval styles, in particular the study of ancient languages.106
8456671508Italyestablished wealthy merchant classes (Medici, wealthiest family), Florence, focused a lot on education107
8456671509Petrachfather of Humanism; founded library which gave access to books to everyone108
8456671510ErasmusNew Greek edition of New Testament, which led to more people having the capability to read the bible.109
8456671511Dante Alighieriwrote the poem called Divine Comedy (which had depictions of hell, purgatory, and envisions of heaven) : actions determined fate110
8456671512Niccolo MachiavelliFlorence diplomat (observed royalty in other countries), published The Prince 1513 (somewhat guide for leaders)111
8456671513Act of Supremacy(1534) Act that made King Henry VIII the supreme leader of the Church of England, so that he could divorce his wife.112
8456671514Elizabethian Settlementa set of compromises by Queen Elizabeth, who restored unity to England113
8456671515Martin Luther(1483-1546) German monk; initiated Protestant Reformation in 1517 by nailing 95 theses to door to Wittenberg church; emphasized primacy of faith over works stressed in Catholic church; accepted state control of church.114
8456671516WariAnother civilization near Tiwanaku that flourished about the same time as Tiwanaku. It is theorized that this civilization was originally dependent on Tiwanaku, or that it and Tiwanaku were two parts of the same empire.115
8456671517MocheThe prominent civiliation in modern-day Peru around 600 C.E., before the rise of the Incan Empire; did not have any political unification, and instead depended on trade and agriculture.116
8456671518TiwanakuThe prominent civilization in the Andes Mountains before the rise of the Incan Empire; like the Moche, depended on trade among different agricultural areas in the empire.117
8456671519Calvinismsought the participation of all believers in church administration which had political implications of encouraging the ideal of wider access to the government; strong in Switzerland, parts of Germany & France, the Netherlands, England, and Scotland.118
8456671520Great Schism(1054) Event that precipitated the final separation between the Eastern Christian churches (led by the patriarch of Constantinople, Michael Cerularius) and the Western Church (led by Pope Leo IX)119
8456671521Protestantgeneral wave of religious dissent against Catholic church; generally held to have begun with Martin Luther's attack on Catholic beliefs in 1517; included many varieties of religious belief.120

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