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| 13904143349 | behaviorial approach | in personality theory, this perspective focuses on the effects of learning on our development. | 0 | |
| 13904154704 | humanistic approach | emphasizing a person's positive qualities, the capacity for positive growth, and the freedom to choose any destiny. | 1 | |
| 13904169159 | Cognitive Approach | emphasizing the mental processes involved in knowing: how we direct our attention, perceive, remember, think, and solve problems. | 2 | |
| 13904214291 | Evolutionary Approach | emphasizes the inherited, adaptive aspects of behavior and mental processes | 3 | |
| 13904254288 | Biological Approach | focusing on the body, especially the brain and nervous system | 4 | |
| 13904268620 | sociological approach | evaluating how society effects the individual | 5 | |
| 13904365922 | William Whundt | father of modern psychology | 6 | |
| 13904370665 | applied research | scientific study that aims to solve practical problems | 7 | |
| 13904375645 | experiment | A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the cause and effect on some behavior or mental process | 8 | |
| 13904384970 | psychiatrist | A medical doctor who has specialized in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders | 9 | |
| 13904384971 | independent variable | variable that is manipulated | 10 | |
| 13904390435 | placebo effect | when people think they are getting the experiment but they aren't actually. They act like they do tho. | 11 | |
| 13904405713 | double-blind procedure | both the research participants and the research staff are "blind" about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies. | 12 | |
| 13904414925 | Single-blind procedure | research design in which participants don't know whether they are in the experimental or control group | 13 | |
| 13904417738 | dependent variable | The measurable effect, outcome, or response in which the research is interested. | 14 | |
| 13904424912 | operational definition | clear, precise, typically quantifiable definition of your variables - allows replication | 15 | |
| 13904442405 | random assignment | assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups | 16 | |
| 13904451715 | random sample | method of selecting from a population in which each person has an equal probability of being selected | 17 | |
| 13904453998 | Validity | accurate results | 18 | |
| 13904458640 | Reliability | consistency of measurement | 19 | |
| 13904465105 | natualistic observation | observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation. real world validity but no cause and effect | 20 | |
| 13904474767 | Correlation | A measure of the relationship between two variables but no cause and effect | 21 | |
| 13904515812 | postive correlation |  | 22 | |
| 13904523784 | negative correlation |  | 23 | |
| 13904530928 | case study | one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles but shows no cause and effect | 24 | |
| 13904540329 | mean | average | 25 | |
| 13904543325 | Median | Middle number | 26 | |
| 13904543326 | mode | most frequent | 27 | |
| 13904553391 | dendrites |  | 28 | |
| 13904556353 | soma |  | 29 | |
| 13904558728 | axon |  | 30 | |
| 13904565959 | mylin sheath |  | 31 | |
| 13904569918 | terminals |  | 32 | |
| 13904575129 | synapse | Gap between neurons | 33 | |
| 13904616064 | refractory period | a period of inactivity after a neuron has fired | 34 | |
| 13904622726 | sensory neurons | neurons that receive information | 35 | |
| 13904630585 | motor neurons | send nerve impulses to muscles and glands | 36 | |
| 13904690498 | central nervous system | brain and spinal cord | 37 | |
| 13904694383 | peripheral nervous system | the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body | 38 | |
| 13904701303 | somatic nervous system | voluntary control of skeletal muscles | 39 | |
| 13904711381 | automatic nervous system | controls involuntary actions | 40 | |
| 13904759768 | sympathetic nervous system | a set of nerves that prepares the body for action in challenging or threatening situations-fight or flight | 41 | |
| 13904772601 | parasympathetic nervous system | calms the body, conserving its energy | 42 | |
| 13904779117 | Endorphins | natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure. | 43 | |
| 13904783232 | dopamine | a neurotransmitter that regulates motor behavior, motivation, pleasure, and emotional arousal. rewards and movement | 44 | |
| 13904830968 | Seratonin | Affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal | 45 | |
| 13904834591 | Cerebellum | Balance and coordination | 46 | |
| 13904838306 | medulla | controls heartbeat and breathing | 47 | |
| 13904838307 | pons | sleep and arousal | 48 | |
| 13904841102 | reticular formation | a nerve network that travels through the brain stem and thalamus and plays an important role in controlling arousal. alertness | 49 | |
| 13904857117 | amygdala | A limbic system structure involved in memory and emotion, particularly fear and aggression. | 50 | |
| 13904861292 | Hippocampus | memory | 51 | |
| 13904864263 | hypothalamus | directs eating, drinking, body temperature; helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion | 52 | |
| 13904872369 | thalamus | the brain's sensory control center it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla | 53 | |
| 13904933442 | cerebral cortex | high order thought process, located on the outer portion of the brain. | 54 | |
| 13905026210 | occipital lobe | visual processing | 55 | |
| 13905044089 | frontal lobe | decision making, problem solving, planning, judgement, movement, personality | 56 | |
| 13905057174 | parietal lobe | receives sensory input for touch and body position- sensations | 57 | |
| 13905064595 | temporal lobe | hearing and face recognition | 58 | |
| 13905077800 | somasensory cortex | area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations | 59 | |
| 13905863459 | motor cortex | an area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements | 60 | |
| 13905867244 | Boca's area | producing language, speech production | 61 | |
| 13905869683 | Wernicke's area | controls language reception - a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe | 62 | |
| 13905875543 | brain plasticity | brain can "heal" itself | 63 | |
| 13905877349 | pituitary gland | releases a great variety of hormones that fan out around the body | 64 | |
| 13905886734 | adrenal glands | a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress. | 65 | |
| 13905891745 | absolute threshold | the weakest amount of a stimulus that a person can detect half of the time | 66 | |
| 13905894180 | difference threshold | the smallest detectable difference between two stimuli | 67 | |
| 13905902869 | sensory adaptation | a decrease in sensitivity to a constant level of stimulation | 68 | |
| 13905905667 | perceptual set | a readiness to perceive a stimulus in a particular way | 69 | |
| 13905911194 | inattentional blindness | failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere | 70 | |
| 13905914552 | change blindness | failing to notice changes in the environment | 71 | |
| 13905916309 | cocktail party effect | your ability to attend to only one voice among many | 72 | |
| 13905918854 | Cornea | the transparent layer forming the front of the eye. | 73 | |
| 13905926501 | Foeva | the central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster | 74 | |
| 13905928756 | Rods | Retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray | 75 | |
| 13905928757 | Cones | color vision | 76 | |
| 13905932034 | ganglion cells | opponent-processing occurs here | 77 | |
| 13905936679 | trichromatic theory | theory of color vision that proposes three types of cones: red, blue, and green | 78 | |
| 13905940587 | opponent-process theory | complementary colors are processed in ganglion cells which explains why we see after image. | 79 | |
| 13905956240 | top-down processing | a progression from the whole to the elements | 80 | |
| 13905962523 | bottom-up processing | the analysis of the smaller features to build up to a complete perception | 81 | |
| 13905964939 | outer ear | the outermost part of the ear, consisting of the pinna and the external auditory canal | 82 | |
| 13905967625 | inner ear | the innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs | 83 | |
| 13905970193 | place theory | in hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated | 84 | |
| 13905973686 | frequency theory | theory that states that pitch is related to the speed of vibrations in the basilar membrane | 85 | |
| 13905985481 | Kinesthetic | sense of body position | 86 | |
| 13905989311 | vestibular | balance | 87 | |
| 13905991150 | Gestalt Psychology | the whole is greater than the sum of its parts | 88 | |
| 13905998933 | beta waves | awake | 89 | |
| 13905998934 | alpha waves | the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state | 90 | |
| 13906004099 | delta waves | deep sleep | 91 | |
| 13906004100 | REM | describes sleep in which vivid dreams typically occur; this type of sleep increases as the night progresses while stage 4 sleep decreases | 92 | |
| 13906013169 | circadian rhythm | the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle | 93 | |
| 13906016868 | insomnia | inability to sleep | 94 | |
| 13906016869 | Narcolepsy | uncontrollable sleep attacks | 95 | |
| 13906019636 | sleep apnea | a disorder in which the person stops breathing for brief periods while asleep | 96 | |
| 13906023964 | latent content of dreams | According to Freud, the "disguised" meanings of dreams, hidden by more obvious subjects | 97 | |
| 13906023965 | manifest content of dreams | In Freudian dream analysis, the "surface," or remembered, story line, which contains symbols that mask the dream's latent content (the true meaning). | 98 | |
| 13906031680 | Depressants | drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions | 99 | |
| 13906034226 | stimualnts | Drugs (caffeine, nicotine, ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions | 100 | |
| 13906036063 | Hallucinagens | psychedelic drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input | 101 | |
| 13906048884 | unconditioned stimulus | in classical conditioning, a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response. | 102 | |
| 13906053216 | unconditioned response | the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth. | 103 | |
| 13906058005 | neutral response | stimulus that normally doesn't evoke a response | 104 | |
| 13906063603 | conditioned stimulus | a stimulus that elicits a response only after learning has taken place | 105 | |
| 13906066197 | conditioned response | a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus | 106 | |
| 13906068481 | contiguity | timing of the pairing, NS/CS must be presented immediately before the US | 107 | |
| 13906073940 | Extinction | the diminishing of a conditioned response | 108 | |
| 13906076919 | aquisition | process of developing a learned response | 109 | |
| 13906079174 | spontaneous recovery | the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response | 110 | |
| 13906081441 | Generalization | responding similarly to a range of similar stimuli | 111 | |
| 13906085160 | discrimination | the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus | 112 | |
| 13906121506 | law of effect | Thorndike's rule that behaviors which have positive outcomes tend to be repeated | 113 | |
| 13906124124 | positive reinforcement | Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, when stimulus is presented after a response, strengthens the response. | 114 | |
| 13906136484 | negative reinforcement | the reinforcement of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus | 115 | |
| 13906139203 | primary reinforcer | stimulus that is naturally rewarding, such as food or water | 116 | |
| 13906142782 | secondary reinforcer | stimulus such as money that becomes reinforcing through its link with a primary reinforcer | 117 | |
| 13906145267 | token reinforcer | type of secondary- can be exchanged for other stuff (game tokens or money) | 118 | |
| 13906152919 | overjustification effect | The effect of promising a reward for doing what one already likes to do. The person may now see the reward, rather than intrinsic interest, as the motivation for performing the task. | 119 | |
| 13906156209 | shaping behavior | rewarding approximations of desired behaviors | 120 | |
| 13906161712 | continuous reinforcement schedule | reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs | 121 | |
| 13906163537 | fixed-ratio schedule | a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses | 122 | |
| 13906167879 | fixed-interval schedule | in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed | 123 | |
| 13906171606 | variable-ratio schedule | a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses | 124 | |
| 13906174343 | variable-interval schedule | a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals | 125 | |
| 13906174344 | prosocial behavior | positive, constructive, helpful behavior | 126 | |
| 13906177142 | antisocial behavior | negative, destructive, unhelpful behavior | 127 | |
| 13906179918 | latent learning | learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful | 128 | |
| 13906182787 | insight learning | The process of learning how to solve a problem or do something new by applying what is already known | 129 | |
| 13906185946 | learned helplessness | A condition that occurs after a period of negative consequences where the person begins to believe they have no control. | 130 | |
| 13906201773 | self-referent encoding | making information personally meaningful | 131 | |
| 13906204214 | dual encoding | linking both visual and verbal information | 132 | |
| 13906210037 | context dependent memory | The theory that information learned in a particular situation or place is better remembered when in that same situation or place. | 133 | |
| 13906213437 | state-dependent memory | The theory that information learned in a particular state of mind is more easily recalled when in that same state of mind. | 134 | |
| 13906220836 | explicit memory | the system underlying conscious memories | 135 | |
| 13906223309 | implicit memory | Memories we don't deliberately remember or reflect on consciously | 136 | |
| 13906229866 | priming | An enhanced ability to think of a stimulus, such as a word or object, as a result of a recent exposure to the stimulus | 137 | |
| 13906235310 | semantic network | Organization of information in the brain by linking concepts with similar characteristics and meaning. | 138 | |
| 13906238017 | schemas | a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information | 139 | |
| 13906244082 | long-term potentiation | connections are strengthened over time with repeated stimulation | 140 | |
| 13906257239 | serial position effect | our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list | 141 | |
| 13906259956 | flashbulb memory | a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event | 142 | |
| 13906261573 | repressed memories | Real memories that have been pushed out of consciousness because they are emotionally threatening | 143 | |
| 13906265025 | encoding failure | forget info b/c you never encoded it (paid attention to it) in the first place | 144 | |
| 13906274160 | encoding specificity principle | the more closely retrieval cues match the way we learned the info, the better we remember the info | 145 | |
| 13906279373 | misinformation effect | incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event | 146 | |
| 13906281217 | retrograde amnesia | loss of memories from our past | 147 | |
| 13906281218 | anterograde amnesia | inability to form new memories | 148 | |
| 13906287893 | Algorithm | a step-by-step procedure for solving a problem | 149 | |
| 13906287894 | Heuristic | a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently | 150 | |
| 13906296680 | representativeness heuristic | make inferences based on your personal experience like a stereotype. | 151 | |
| 13906311080 | availability heuristic | making a decision based on the answer that most easily comes to mind | 152 | |
| 13906312840 | functional fixedness | the tendency to perceive an item only in terms of its most common use | 153 | |
| 13906315432 | belief bias | a tendency to draw conclusions based on what one already believes rather than sound logic | 154 | |
| 13906317160 | belief perseverance | tendency to stick to our initial beliefs even when evidence contradicts them | 155 | |
| 13906320810 | confirmation bias | a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence | 156 | |
| 13906322933 | inductive reasoning | reasoning from detailed facts to general principles | 157 | |
| 13906325806 | deductive reasoning | the process of applying a general statement to specific facts or situations | 158 | |
| 13906328585 | divergent thinking | expands the number of possible problem solutions | 159 | |
| 13906331416 | drive-reduction theory | a theory of motivation stating that motivation arises from imbalances in homeostasis | 160 | |
| 13906342999 | intrinsic motivation | A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake | 161 | |
| 13906343000 | extrinsic motivation | a motivation to take actions that lead to reward | 162 | |
| 13906349006 | Ergonomics | the study of people's efficiency in their working environment. | 163 | |
| 13906351177 | Hawthorne effect | A change in a subject's behavior caused simply by the awareness of being studied | 164 | |
| 13906356710 | Schema | a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information | 165 | |
| 13906356711 | Assmilation | the process of taking in and fully understanding information or ideas. | 166 | |
| 13906359206 | accommodation | adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information | 167 | |
| 13906361030 | sensorimotor stage | in Piaget's theory, the stage during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities | 168 | |
| 13906366635 | pre operational stage | in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to about 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic | 169 | |
| 13906370011 | egocentric | the inability to take the perspective of another person; assumes other see, hear, feel, and think exactly as they do | 170 | |
| 13906373143 | concrete operational stage | in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events | 171 | |
| 13906375379 | formal operational stage | in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts | 172 | |
| 13906378948 | Vygotsky's Theory | A sociocultural cognitive theory that emphasizes how culture and social interaction guide cognitive development. | 173 | |
| 13906381096 | zone of proximal development | the difference between what children can do with assistance and what they can do alone | 174 | |
| 13906385298 | termperament | the enduring characteristics with which each person is born | 175 | |
| 13906390488 | Imprinting | the process by which certain animals form strong attachments during an early-life critical period | 176 | |
| 13906392713 | Harry Harlow | Studied attachment in monkeys with artificial mothers | 177 | |
| 13906395227 | secure attachment | a relationship in which an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver | 178 | |
| 13906397524 | avoidant attachment | infants who seem unresponsive to the parent when they are present, are usually not distressed when she leaves, and avoid the parent when they return | 179 | |
| 13906400765 | ambivilant attachment | actively avoids mom, freaks out when she leaves | 180 | |
| 13906408498 | authoritarian parenting | A parenting style in which the parents are demanding, expect unquestioned obedience, are not responsive to their children's desires, and communicate poorly with their children. | 181 | |
| 13906410359 | permissive parenting | style of parenting in which parent makes few, if any demands on a child's behavior | 182 | |
| 13906413933 | Authroitative Parenting | give and take with kids- kids become socially competent and reliable | 183 | |
| 13906420436 | preconventional morality | first level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development in which the child's behavior is governed by the consequences of the behavior | 184 | |
| 13906423142 | conventional morality | second level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development in which the child's behavior is governed by conforming to the society's norms of behavior | 185 | |
| 13906427327 | postconventional morality | third level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development in which the person's behavior is governed by moral principles that have been decided on by the individual and that may be in disagreement with accepted social norms | 186 | |
| 13906430842 | Trust vs. Mistrust | Erikson's first stage during the first year of life, infants learn to trust when they are cared for in a consistent warm manner | 187 | |
| 13906434849 | Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt | Erikson's stage in which a toddler learns to exercise will and to do things independently; failure to do so causes shame and doubt | 188 | |
| 13906438057 | Initiative vs. Guilt | Erikson's third stage in which the child finds independence in planning, playing and other activities | 189 | |
| 13906441248 | Industry vs. Inferiority | Erikson's stage between 6 and 11 years, when the child learns to be productive | 190 | |
| 13906443033 | identity vs. role confusion | Erikson's stage during which teenagers and young adults search for and become their true selves | 191 | |
| 13906446379 | primary sex characteristics | the body structures that make sexual reproduction possible | 192 | |
| 13906446380 | secondary sex characteristics | nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair | 193 | |
| 13906449822 | social learning theory | the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished | 194 | |
| 13907062622 | Repression (Freud) | a mental process that removes unacceptable thoughts and memories from consciousness | 195 | |
| 13907065466 | Projection (Freud) | psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others who do not have those thoughts or impulses | 196 | |
| 13907068540 | Displacement (Freud) | psychoanalytic defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object of person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet. | 197 | |
| 13907070402 | reaction formation (defense mechanism) | switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites | 198 | |
| 13907072538 | Regression | psychoanalytic defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated | 199 | |
| 13907074118 | Rationalization (defense mechanism) | offering self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening unconscious reasons for one's actions | 200 | |
| 13907075804 | sublimation (defense mechanism) | channeling threatening devices into acceptable outlets (e.g. working out) | 201 | |
| 13907077164 | free association | in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing | 202 | |
| 13907079176 | Transference | in psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent) | 203 | |
| 13907082737 | Carl Jung | neo-Freudian who created concept of "collective unconscious" and wrote books on dream interpretation | 204 | |
| 13907086025 | Carl Rogers | Humanisic; self-concept and unconditional positive regard drive personality | 205 | |
| 13907088030 | Bandura | observational learning | 206 | |
| 13907090240 | self-efficacy | One's belief in his or her own ability. | 207 | |
| 13907092479 | internal locus of control | the perception that you control your own fate | 208 | |
| 13907092480 | external locus of control | the perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate. | 209 | |
| 13907095723 | crystallized intelligence | the ability to retain and use knowledge that was acquired through experience | 210 | |
| 13907097764 | fluid intelligence | the ability to see abstract relationships and draw logical inferences | 211 | |
| 13907099164 | g factor | A general ability, proposed by Spearman as the main factor underlying all intelligent mental activity | 212 | |
| 13907100595 | Gardener's Multiple Intelligences | our abilities are best classified into eight independent intelligences, which include a broad range of skills beyond traditional school smarts | 213 | |
| 13907102086 | Sternberg's Triarchic Theory | our intelligence is best classified into three areas that predict real-world success: analytical, creative, and practical | 214 | |
| 13907103492 | Binet | published first useful test of general mental ability; broke kids up into 'bright' and 'dull' by how they compared with both their chronological age and mental age | 215 | |
| 13907107572 | standardization | defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group | 216 | |
| 13907109145 | standard deviation | a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score |  | 217 |
| 13907115106 | Gerneralized Anxiety Disorder | a person is generally anxious, all the time, for no reason | 218 | |
| 13907120219 | panic disorder | An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations. | 219 | |
| 13907121719 | phobia | fear of | 220 | |
| 13907123498 | conversion disorder | A rare somatoform disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found. | 221 | |
| 13907123499 | illness anxiety disorder | a disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease | 222 | |
| 13907126847 | dissociative identity disorder | A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Also called multiple personality disorder. | 223 | |
| 13907159218 | Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder | in children, a mental disorder characterized by recurrent temper outbursts occurring against a background of irritable mood | 224 | |
| 13907161458 | seasonal affective disorder | recurrent depressive episodes in a seasonal pattern | 225 | |
| 13907188205 | bipolar mania and depression | heightened mood characterized by risky behaviors, fast talking, flights of ideas. | 226 | |
| 13907198659 | Symptoms of Schizophrenia | disorganized thinking, disturbed perceptions, inappropriate emotions and actions | 227 | |
| 13907200909 | borderline personality disorder | condition marked by extreme instability in mood, identity, and impulse control | 228 | |
| 13907203443 | Historionic Personality Disorder | Overly dramatic. Theatrical in manner. Vain, self centred, seductive, seek approval, attention seeking, suggestible and view world in black and white. Speech is vague and exaggerated. Higher rate of women have it. | 229 | |
| 13907204966 | narcissistic personality disorder | a personality disorder characterized by exaggerated ideas of self-importance and achievements; preoccupation with fantasies of success; arrogance | 230 | |
| 13907207683 | rational emotive behavior therapy | a cognitive therapy in which the therapist challenges and questions the client's irrational ideas | 231 | |
| 13907209407 | cognitive therapy | therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions | 232 | |
| 13907211191 | aversive conditioning | a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol) | 233 | |
| 13907212587 | exposure therapy | An approach to treatment that involves confronting an emotion-arousing stimulus directly and repeatedly, ultimately leading to a decrease in the emotional response | 234 | |
| 13907214601 | systematic desensitization | A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias. | 235 | |
| 13907217313 | intensive exposure therapy | flooding with the feared stimulus to reduce fear response | 236 | |
| 13907219608 | family therapy | therapy that treats the family as a system. Views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members | 237 | |
| 13907221816 | anti-psychotic drugs | drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder | 238 | |
| 13907223018 | Anti-depressants | drugs that combat depression by affecting the levels or activity of neurotransmitters in the brain | 239 | |
| 13907224434 | mood stabilizing drugs | psychotropic drugs that help stabilize the moods of people suffering from bipolar mood disorder | 240 | |
| 13907226515 | electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) | a biomedical treatment in which electric shock is used to produce a cortical seizure accompanied by convulsions | 241 | |
| 13907228137 | psychosurgery | surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior | 242 | |
| 13907229386 | attribution theory | the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition | 243 | |
| 13907231028 | fundamental attribution error | the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition | 244 | |
| 13907233774 | central route persuasion | the case in which people have both the ability and the motivation to elaborate on a persuasive communication, listening carefully to and thinking about the arguments presented | 245 | |
| 13907235861 | peripheral route persuasion | attitude change path in which people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness | 246 | |
| 13907239302 | foot-in-the-door phenomenon | the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request | 247 | |
| 13907240593 | door-in-the-face technique | asking for a large commitment and being refused and then asking for a smaller commitment | 248 | |
| 13907244656 | Stanford Prison Experiment | Philip Zimbardo's study of the effect of roles on behavior. Participants were randomly assigned to play either prisoners or guards in a mock prison. The study was ended early because of the "guards'" role-induced cruelty. | 249 | |
| 13907246401 | cognitive dissonance | two opposing thoughts conflict with each other causing discomfort which makes us find a way to justify the situation | 250 | |
| 13907260532 | Conformity | Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard. | 251 | |
| 13907262396 | normative social influence | influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval | 252 | |
| 13907262398 | informational social influence | influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality | 253 | |
| 13907266302 | social facilitation | improved performance of tasks in the presence of others; occurs with simple or well-learned tasks but not with tasks that are difficult or not yet mastered | 254 | |
| 13907269705 | Deindividuation | the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity | 255 | |
| 13907282787 | group polarization | tendency of group members to move to an extreme position after discussing an issue as a group | 256 | |
| 13907286732 | Groupthink | A situation in which group members seek unanimous agreement despite their individual doubts | 257 | |
| 13907290217 | Ethocentrism | the belief that one's own group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures | 258 | |
| 13907291176 | just-world phenomenon | the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get | 259 | |
| 13907292049 | mere exposure effect | The finding that the more exposure we have to a stimulus, the more apt we are to like it | 260 | |
| 13907294953 | Passionate Love vs. Companionate Love | All-consuming, intense emotional reaction vs. affection we feel for a person | 261 | |
| 13907296059 | alturism | a concern for others; generosity | 262 | |
| 13907297052 | bystander effect | the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present | 263 | |
| 13907298234 | social exchange theory | the theory that human interactions are transactions that aim to maximize one's rewards and minimize one's costs | 264 | |
| 13907304010 | reciprocity norm | expectation that people will help those who have helped them | 265 | |
| 13907304897 | social trap | a situation in which the conflicting parties become caught in mutually destructive behavior | 266 | |
| 13907306292 | approach-approach conflict | a choice must be made between two attractive goals | 267 | |
| 13907307346 | approach-avoidance conflict | Conflict that results from having to choose an alternative that has both attractive and unappealing aspects | 268 | |
| 13907310053 | avoidance-avoidance conflict | a choice must be made between two unattractive goals | 269 | |
| 13907311350 | multiple approach-avoidance conflict | conflict in which the person must decide between more than two goals, with each goal possessing both positive and negative aspects | 270 | |
| 13907313818 | self-concept bias | what we consider important in ourselves is what we consider important in others | 271 | |
| 13907315227 | false consensus effect | the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors | 272 | |
| 13907315228 | self-fulfilling prophecy | a belief that leads to its own fulfillment | 273 | |
| 13907316333 | self-serving bias | the tendency to perceive oneself favorably | 274 | |
| 13907317967 | spotlight effect | the belief that others are paying more attention to our appearance and behavior than they really are | 275 |
