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| 473705681 | Carbohydrate | compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms; major source of energy for the human body macornturients derived from plants 112 | |
| 473705682 | Glucose | the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger. most abundant sugar preferred source of energy for brain important source of energy for all cells 112 | |
| 473705683 | Photosynthesis | process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches | |
| 473705684 | Carbohydrate - simple | Sugars Monosaccaride - single sugar molecule Honey Glucose - fructose - glactose - ribose Disacchrides - 2 molecules Lactose - maltose -sucrose Less than 15% caloric intake 113-114 | |
| 473705685 | Disaccharide | any of a variety of carbohydrates that yield two monosaccharide molecules on complete hydrolysis 113 | |
| 473705686 | monosaccharide | a simple sugar that is the basic subunit of a carbohydrate 113 | |
| 473705687 | Fructose | a simple sugar found in honey and in many ripe fruits 113 | |
| 473705688 | Galatose | found in milk 113 | |
| 473705689 | Ribose | a pentose sugar important as a component of ribonucleic acid, a five-carbon sugar present in RNA 113 | |
| 473705690 | Lactose | glucose + galactose human and cow milk 114 | |
| 473705691 | Maltose | A disaccharide made of glucose + glucose. , A DISACCHARIDE COMPOSED OF TWO GLUCOSE UNITS; SOMETIMES KNOWN AS MALT SUGAR. 114 | |
| 473705692 | Fermentation | a process in which an agent causes an organic substance to break down into simpler substances ATP 114 | |
| 473705693 | Sucrose | glucose + fructose disaccharide sweeter that lactose or maltose 114 | |
| 473705694 | Alpha Bond | A type of chemical bond that can be digested by enzymes found in the human intestine. 115 | |
| 473705695 | Beta Bond | A type of chemical bond that cannot be easily digested by enzymes found in the human intestine. 115 | |
| 473705696 | Carbohydrate-complex | Startch Complex CHO, glucose chain Rice, potatoes, bread Cannot be used directly long chains of glucose molecules - starch, glycogen and fiber 116 | |
| 473705697 | Oligosaccharides | complex carbohydrates that contain 3 to 10 monosaccharides 116 | |
| 473705698 | Raffinose | an oligosaccharide composed of galactose, glucose, and fructose. also called melitose, it is found in beans, cabbage, broccoli, and other vegetables 116 | |
| 473705699 | Stachyose | an oligosaccharide composed of two galactose molecules, a glucose molecule, and a fructose molecule. found in the chinese artichoke and various beans and legumes 116 | |
| 473705700 | Polysaccharide | many sugars complex carb - long chains of glucose 116 | |
| 473705701 | Starch | a complex carbohydrate found chiefly in seeds, fruits, tubers, roots and stem pith of plants, notably in corn, potatoes, wheat, and rice storage form of glucose in plants 116 | |
| 473705702 | Glycogen | An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch. storage form of glucose in animals 117 | |
| 473705703 | Dietary fiber | The nondigestible form of carbohydrates found in plant foods, such as leaves, stems, skins, seeds, and hulls. 117 | |
| 473705704 | Functional Fiber | the nondigestible forms of carbohydrate that are extracted from plants or manufactured in the laboratory and have known health benefits 117 | |
| 473705705 | Total Fiber | the sum of dietary fiber and functional fiber 117 | |
| 473705706 | Soluble Fiber | fiber that dissolves in water or is broken down by bacteria in the large intestine Pectins Gums Mucilages 117 | |
| 473705707 | Viscous | having a gelatinous or gluey quality, lacking in easy movement or fluidity viscous fibers from a gel when dissolved in water 117 | |
| 473705708 | insoluble fibers | fibers that do not dissolve in water Lignins Cellulose Hemicelluloes 118 | |
| 473705709 | Salivary Amylase | in mouth, released by salivary glands and begins chemical breakdown of starch 119 | |
| 473705710 | Pancreatic amylase | Enzyme that breaks down starch into disaccharides (Maltose, Lactose, Sucrose) 119 | |
| 473705711 | Maltase | a digestive enzyme that breaks maltose into glucose. 119 | |
| 473705712 | Sucrase | a digestive enzyme that breaks sucrose into glucose and fructose 119 | |
| 473705713 | Lactase | any of a group of enzymes (trade name Lactaid) that hydrolyze lactose to glucose and galactose .119 | |
| 473705714 | Carbohydrate Loading | A regimen designed to maximize muscle glycogen stores before an athletic event. Involves resting for one to three days before competition while consuming a very high-carbohydrate diet. The diet should provide 10 to 12 g of carbohydrate per kilogram of body weight per day 120 | |
| 473705715 | Glycogen Loading | What is it called when athletes consume large amounts of carbs 2-3 days before an athletic event to store glycogen in skeleton muscles? (hint.. use both terms) 120 | |
| 473705716 | Butyrate | a small fat fragment produced by the fermenting action of bacteria on viscous, soluble fibers; the preferred energy source for the colon cells short chain fatty acid is produced 117 | |
| 473705717 | Pectins | Dietary fibers that are found in fruits 118 | |
| 473705718 | Gums | ______ are a viscous fiber containing chains of galactose, glucuronic acid, and other monosaccharides, characteristically found in exudates from plant stems. 118 | |
| 473705719 | Mucilages | A viscous fiber consisting of chains of galactose, mannose, and other monosaccharides; characteristically found in seaweed. 118 | |
| 473705720 | Lignins | Non-carbohydrate forms of fiber in plants. Component of wood that acts like an adhesive/glue. 118 | |
| 473705721 | Cellulose | hard, nonliving material that makes up the cell wall of a plant cell 118 | |
| 473705722 | Hemicelluloses | groups of polysaccharides found in plant cell walls that surround cellulose consist of xylose, mannose, arabinose and other monosaccharides 118 | |
| 473705723 | Fiber - Large intestine | excreted 120 | |
| 473705724 | Hormones- blood glucose | Glucagon (polypeptide derivative), Epinepherine (amino acid derivative), Cortisol (steroid / glucocorticoid) 121 | |
| 473705725 | Insulin | hormone secreted by the isles of Langerhans in the pancreas beta cells of pancreas 121 | |
| 473705726 | Glucagon | a hormone secreted by the pancreas alpha cells of pancreas in response to decreased blood levels of glucose; causes breaakdown of liver stores of glycogen into glucose 121 | |
| 473705727 | Gluconeogenesis | The formation of glycogen, a glucose storing compound, from fatty acids and proteins rather than carbohydrates. 121 | |
| 473705728 | Glycemic Index | a measure of how the ingestion of a particular food affects blood glucose levels 122 | |
| 473705729 | Glycemic Load | the amount of carbohydrate in a food multiplied by the glycemic index of the carbohydrate 123 | |
| 473705730 | Ketosis | The process by which the breakdown of fat during fasting states results in the production of ketones. when we do not eat enough carbs uses alternate soursce 125 | |
| 473705731 | Ketones | develop when there is no glucose in the cell so uses fat as glucose, as fat breaks down it releases ketones in your blood 125 | |
| 473705732 | Ketoacidosis | High levels of acids (ketones) in the blood; occurring in diabetes mellitus (type 2) when cells burn high levels of fats (producing ketones) because sugar is not available as fuel. 125 | |
| 473705733 | Diverticulosis | abnormal outpouchings in the intestinal wall 126 | |
| 473705734 | Carbohydrates | 130g per day 19+ 45-65% of total energy intake 128 | |
| 473705735 | Sugars in foods | 129 40 gal per person per year | |
| 473705736 | Carbohydrate-simple - health problems | tooth decay ect. 130 | |
| 473705737 | Enriched foods | food in which nutrients that were lost in processing have been added back 131 | |
| 473705738 | Fortified Foods | foods that have nutrients added that are not naturally present in the food 131 | |
| 473705739 | Fiber | 25g needed per day women 38 g for men 14 g per 1000 kcal 131 | |
| 473705740 | Nutritive sweeteners | sweeteners such as sucrose, fructose, honey, and brown sugar that contribute calories (or energy) 136 | |
| 473705741 | Sugar Alcohols | a nutritive sweetener derived from sugar; examples include sorbitol, mannitol, and xylitol, isomalt 136 | |
| 473705742 | Non-nutritive sweetners | not heat stable (no cooing), saccharin, cyclamate, aspartame, neotame (heat stable) sucralose (heat stable) 138 | |
| 473705743 | Acceptable Daily Intake | An estimate of the daily exposure dose that is likely to be without deleterious effect even if continued exposure occurs over a lifetime 138 | |
| 473705744 | Saccharin | a crystalline substance 300 times sweeter than sugar 138 | |
| 473705745 | Acesulfame-K | Brand names Sunette, Sweet One 139 | |
| 473705746 | Aspartame | an artificial sweetener made from aspartic acid 50mg per kg body weight per day 139 | |
| 473705747 | Phenylketonuria PKU | inherited disorder in which the infant lacks a liver enzyme 139 | |
| 473705748 | Hyperglycemia | abnormally high concentration of glucose in the blood 140 | |
| 473705749 | Diabetes | A condition of abnormal use of glucose, usually caused by too little insulin or lack of response to insulin. 140 | |
| 473705750 | Type 1 diabetes | the type of diabetes in which the pancreas produces no or very little insulin; often diagnosed in childhood, although some cases arise in adulthood. formerly called juvenile-onset or insulin-dep endent diabetes 141 | |
| 473705751 | Autoimmunie disease | The body makes antibodies against its own good cells and tissues, causing inflammation and injury. Examples are rheumatoid arthritis, affecting the joints; sytematic lupus erythematosus (SLE), affecting connective tissues, skin, and internal organs 141 | |
| 473705752 | Diabetes Mellitus | diabetes caused by a relative or absolute deficiency of insulin and characterized by polyuria 141 | |
| 473705753 | Type 2 diabetes | progressive disorder in which body cells become less responsive to insulin 142 | |
| 473705754 | Impaired fasting glucose | an intermediate stage between normal glucose homeostasis and diabetes where the fasting blood glucose level is greater than 110 mg/dl (6.1 mmol/L) but less than 126 mg/dl (7.0 mmol/L). 143 | |
| 473705755 | Lactose Intolerance | congenital disorder consisting of an inability to digest milk and milk products 145 | |
| 473705756 | Fasting Hypoglycemia | hypoglycemia that occurs after 8 to 14 hours of fasting 144 |
