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| 5570958300 | Martin Luther | (1483-1546) attacks Roman Caltholic church practicies, 1517. Hated practice of indulgences. | 0 | |
| 5570958301 | Ninety-Five Theses | Written by Martin Luther. Attacked the church for many abuses and called for reform. ML posted this on the door of the church. | 1 | |
| 5570958302 | Pope Leo X | Excommunicated Martin Luther in 1520 | 2 | |
| 5570958303 | Printing press | Invented by Johannesburg Gutenberg. Increased literacy and published works written in vernacular. | 3 | |
| 5570958304 | Vernacular | Public works written in this form became popular after the printing press was invented. | 4 | |
| 5570958305 | King Henry VIII | (r. 1509-1547) has conflict with pope over requested divorce. England forms its own church by 1560. | 5 | |
| 5570958306 | John Calvin | (1509-1564) attempts to reform Protestant teaching while in exile in Geneva. Imposes strict code of morality and discipline. | 6 | |
| 5570958307 | Counter-Reformation | Roman Catholic Church reacts to the Protestant Reform by making changes to Catholic doctrine and attempt to renew spiritual activity. | 7 | |
| 5570958308 | Council of Trent | (1545-1564) periodic meetings to discuss reform. Acknowledged that abuses had led people from the Church | 8 | |
| 5570958309 | St. Ignacio's Loyola | (1491-1556) Founded Society of Jesus (Jesuits) | 9 | |
| 5570958310 | Female | Gender of Vast majority of victims of witch hunts | 10 | |
| 5570958311 | Religious tension | Caused witch hunts | 11 | |
| 5570958312 | Huguenots | French Protestants that were persecuted in religious wars between Protestants and Roman Catholics in France (1562-1598) | 12 | |
| 5570958313 | Spanish Armada | Enormous fleet of 131 ships that Phillip II of Spain uses to attack England to force return to Catholicism. | 13 | |
| 5570958314 | Decline; emergence | 1588 Philip II of Spain attacks England to force return of Catholicism. England destroys Spanish ships by sending flaming unmanned ships into the fleet. This event makes the decline of the ____ power and the emergence of the ____ power on the world stage. | 14 | |
| 5570958315 | Holy Roman Empire | 300 tiny countries in Germany. States have individual rulers; 1/2 are Catholic and 1/2 are Protestant. | 15 | |
| 5570958316 | Emperor's territory in Germany | Principal battleground of the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) | 16 | |
| 5570958317 | Treaty of Westphalia | Treaty that ends the Thirty Years War | 17 | |
| 5570958318 | Charles V | (r. 1519-1557) Emperor who attempts to revive Holy Roman Empire as a strong center of Europe. | 18 | |
| 5570958319 | Fernando and Isabel | Founded the Spanish Inquisition in 1478. The original task was to search for secret practitioners of Judaism or Islam, but later to search for Protestants. Imprisonment and executions followed capture. Intimidated nobles who might have considered Protestantism. | 19 | |
| 5570958320 | Constitutional monarchy | England's institution of popular representation. | 20 | |
| 5570958321 | Republic | The Netherlands' institution of popular representation. | 21 | |
| 5570958322 | English Civil War | 1642-1649 Begins with opposition to royal taxes. King Charles I and Parliament's armies clash. King loses and is beheaded in 1649. | 22 | |
| 5570958323 | Charles I | clashes with Parliament. Loses and is beheaded in 1649. | 23 | |
| 5570958324 | Oliver Cromwell | The Great Protector. Brutal rule. | 24 | |
| 5570958325 | Glorious Revolution | Resolution with bloodless coup. William and Mary take throne and shared governance between crown and parliament (constitutional monarchy) | 25 | |
| 5570958326 | Divine right | Theory of kings gaining their authority from God. | 26 | |
| 5570958327 | Cardinal Richelieu | Designed French absolutism under King Louis XIII (1624-1642). Destroyed castles of nobles and crushed aristocratic conspiracies. Built bureaucracy to bolster royal power base. Ruthlessly attacked Calvinists. | 27 | |
| 5570958328 | Versailles | Location of Louis XIV's magnificent palace. In 1670s, it becomes his court. | 28 | |
| 5570958329 | Peter I | "The Great" r. 1762-1796 worked to modernize Russia on Western European model. Developed modern Russian army, reformed Russian government bureaucracy. | 29 | |
| 5570958330 | The Great | Peter I _____ _____ r. 1682-1735 demanded changes in fashion: beards forbidden. Built new capital at St. Petersburg. | 30 | |
| 5570958331 | Catherine II | "The Great" r. 1762-1797 Divided the Russian Romanov Dynasty into 50 administrative provinces. Huge military expansion. | 31 | |
| 5570958332 | The great | Catherine II __ ___ r. 1762-1796 Led huge military expansion such as Partitions of Poland, 1772-1797. Social reforms at first, but end with Pugachev peasant rebellion (1773-1774) | 32 | |
| 5570958333 | Potato | Considered an aphrodisiac in 16th and 17th centuries. Replaces | 33 | |
| 5570958334 | Bread | Potato replaces this as a staple of diet. | 34 | |
| 5570958335 | Supply and demand | This determined price in early capitalism. | 35 | |
| 5570958336 | Putting out | Medieval guilds were discarded in favor of this system. | 36 | |
| 5570958337 | Putting out | System where businessmen have raw materials like wool to houses in the country. Families spun yarn, wove it into cloth, cut and assembled pieces into garments. Workers were then paid for their devices when the businessman picked them up businessman sells for profit. | 37 | |
| 5570958338 | Nuclear family | Replaces extended community families in capitalism | 38 | |
| 5570958339 | Extended families | Were replaced by nuclear families in capitalism. | 39 | |
| 5570958340 | Adam Smith | (1723-1790) wrote The Wealth of Nations. Argues that capitalism would ultimately improve society as a whole. | 40 | |
| 5570958341 | The wealth of nations | Adam Smith wrote this arguing that capitalism would ultimately improve society as a whole. | 41 | |
| 5570958342 | Claudius Ptolemy | Second-century Greek scholar of Alexandria believed that the universe was geocentric. | 42 | |
| 5570958343 | Geocentric | Claudia Ptolemy belief that motionless earth inside nine concentric spheres. Christians believed the last sphere was heaven. | 43 | |
| 5570958344 | Nicolaus Copernicus | Breaks geocentric theory. Believed the universe was not static, but instead in motion. Proposed heliocentric theory. | 44 | |
| 5570958345 | Heliocentric | Theory by Nicolaus Copernicus of Poland who proposed that the sun was the center of the universe. Notion of earth moving challenged Christian doctrine. | 45 | |
| 5570958346 | Johannes Kepler | Germany 1571-1630 Showed that planets move in an elliptical orbit, not circular. Reinforced heliocentric theory. | 46 | |
| 5570958347 | Galileo Galileo | Italy 1564-1642 showed that the universe was bigger, imperfect, and constantly changing. Reinforced heliocentric theory. | 47 | |
| 5570958348 | Isaac Newton | England 1642-1727 revolutionized study of physics. Learns how planets move (gravity) explains the movement of the ocean tides. Rigorous challenge to church doctrine. | 48 | |
| 5570958349 | William Harvey | 1578-1657 "scientifically" proves innate female inferiority. Explained the circulation of human blood. Believed men were most important concerning reproduction. Women were seen as a vessel to bear children. | 49 | |
| 5570958350 | Émilie du Châtelet | (1701-1749) French mathematician and physicist. Translated Newton's Principia Mathematica. (Explained his complex work and converted his formulas to calculus) | 50 | |
| 5570958351 | Peace of Westphalia | (1648) European states to be recognized as sovereign and equal after the Thirty Years' War. | 51 |
