This is just a basic study guide of singularly BOLD terms in Chapters 1-5 for me and anyone else to whom it may benefit.
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| 455688485 | Biology | The scientific study of life. | 0 | |
| 455688486 | Emergent Properties | A characteristic of a system that does not appear in any of the system's component parts. | 1 | |
| 455688487 | Atom | Fundamental building block of all matter. | 2 | |
| 455688488 | Molecule | An association of two or more atoms. | 3 | |
| 455688489 | Organism | An individual that consists of one or more cells. | 4 | |
| 455688490 | Cell | Smallest unit of life. | 5 | |
| 455688491 | Tissue | In multicelled organisms, specialized cells organized in a pattern that allows them to perform a collective function. | 6 | |
| 455688492 | Organ | In multicelled organisms, specialized cells organized in a pattern that allows them to perform a collective function. | 7 | |
| 455688493 | Organ System | In multicelled organisms, specialized cells organized in a pattern that allows them to perform a collective function. | 8 | |
| 455688494 | Population | Group of interbreeding individuals of the same species that live in a given area. | 9 | |
| 455688495 | Community | All populations of all species in a given area. | 10 | |
| 455688496 | Ecosystem | A community interacting with its environment. | 11 | |
| 455688497 | Biosphere | All regions of Earth where organisms live. | 12 | |
| 455688498 | Energy | The capacity to do work. | 13 | |
| 455688499 | Nutrient | Substance that an organism needs for growth and survival, but cannot make for itself. | 14 | |
| 455688500 | Producer or Autotroph | Organism that makes its own food using energy and simple raw materials from the environment. | 15 | |
| 455688501 | Photosynthesis | Process by which producers use light energy to make sugars from carbon dioxide and water. | 16 | |
| 455688502 | Consumer or Heterotroph | Organism that gets energy and nutrients by feeding on tissues, wastes, or remains of other organisms. | 17 | |
| 455688503 | Homeostasis | Set of processes by which an organism keeps its internal conditions within tolerable ranges. | 18 | |
| 455688504 | DNA | Deoxyribonucleic acid; carries hereditary information that guides development and functioning. | 19 | |
| 455688505 | Development | Multistep process by which the first cell of a new individual becomes a multicelled adult. | 20 | |
| 455688506 | Growth | In multicelled species, an increase in the number, size, and volume of cells. | 21 | |
| 455688507 | Reproduction | Processes by which individuals produce offspring. | 22 | |
| 455688508 | Inheritance | Transmission of DNA to offspring. | 23 | |
| 455688509 | Biodiversity | Scope of variation among living organisms. | 24 | |
| 455688510 | Bacteria | Member of the most diverse and well-known group of single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus. | 25 | |
| 455688511 | Archea | Member of a group of single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus but are more closely related to eukaryotes than to bacteria. | 26 | |
| 455688512 | Nucleus | Double-membraned sac that encloses a cell's DNA. | 27 | |
| 455688513 | Eukaryote | Organism whose cells characteristically have a nucleus. | 28 | |
| 455688514 | Protists | Member of a diverse group of simple eukaryotes. | 29 | |
| 455688515 | Plant | A multicelled, typically photosynthetic producer. | 30 | |
| 455688516 | Fungi | Single-celled or multicelled eukaryotic consumer that digests material outside its body, then absorbs released nutrients. | 31 | |
| 455688517 | Animal | Multicelled consumer that develops through a series of stages and moves about during part or all of its life cycle. | 32 | |
| 455688518 | Genus | A group of species that share a unique set of traits; also the first part of a species name. | 33 | |
| 455688519 | Specific epithet | Second part of a species name. | 34 | |
| 455688520 | Taxonomy | The science of naming and classifying species. | 35 | |
| 455688521 | Taxa | A group of organisms that share a unique set of features. | 36 | |
| 455688522 | Trait | An observable characteristic of an organism or species. | 37 | |
| 455688523 | Critical Thinking | Judging information before accepting it. | 38 | |
| 455688524 | Science | Systematic study of the observable world. | 39 | |
| 455688525 | Inductive Reasoning | Drawing a conclusion based on observation. | 40 | |
| 455688526 | Hypothesis | Testable explanation of a natural phenomenon. | 41 | |
| 455688527 | Deductive Reasoning | Using a general idea to make a conclusion about a specific case. | 42 | |
| 455688528 | Prediction | Statement, based on a hypothesis, about a condition that should exist if the hypothesis is correct. | 43 | |
| 455688529 | Experiment | A test designed to support or falsify a prediction. | 44 | |
| 455688530 | Experimental Group | In an experiment, a group of individuals who are exposed to an independent variable. | 45 | |
| 455688531 | Control Group | In an experiment, a group of individuals who are not exposed to the independent variable being tested. | 46 | |
| 455688532 | Model | Analogous system used for testing hypotheses. | 47 | |
| 455688533 | Data | Experimental results. | 48 | |
| 455688534 | Scientific Method | Making, testing, and evaluating hypotheses. | 49 | |
| 455688535 | Variable | In an experiment, a characteristic or event that differs among individuals or over time. | 50 | |
| 455688536 | Independent Variable | Variable that is controlled by an experimenter in order to explore its relationship to a dependent variable. | 51 | |
| 455688537 | Dependent Variable | In an experiment, a variable that is presumably affected by the independent variable being tested. | 52 | |
| 455688538 | Sampling Error | Difference between results derived from testing an entire group of events or individuals, and results derived from testing a subset of the group. | 53 | |
| 455688539 | Probability | The chance that a particular outcome of an event will occur; depends on the total number of outcomes possible. | 54 | |
| 455688540 | Statistical Significance | Refers to a result that is statistically unlikely to have occurred by chance. | 55 | |
| 455688541 | Scientific Theory | Hypothesis that has not been disproven after many years of rigorous testing. | 56 | |
| 455688542 | Law of Nature | Generalization that describes a consistent natural phenomenon for which there is incomplete scientific explanation. | 57 | |
| 455688543 | Atom | Particle that is a fundamental building block of all matter. | 58 | |
| 455688544 | Electron | Negatively charged subatomic particle that occupies orbitals around an atomic nucleus. | 59 | |
| 455688545 | Charge | Electrical property. Opposite charges attract, and like charges repel. | 60 | |
| 455688546 | Nucleus | Core of an atom; occupied by protons and neutrons. | 61 | |
| 455688547 | Proton | Positively charged subatomic particle that occurs in the nucleus of all atoms. | 62 | |
| 455688548 | Neutron | Uncharged subatomic particle in the atomic nucleus. | 63 | |
| 455688549 | Periodic Table | Tabular arrangement of the elements by atomic number. | 64 | |
| 455688550 | Element | A pure substance that consists only of atoms with the same number of protons. | 65 | |
| 455688551 | Atomic Number | Number of protons in the atomic nucleus; determines the element. | 66 | |
| 455688552 | Isotopes | Forms of an element that differ in the number of neutrons their atoms carry. | 67 | |
| 455688553 | Mass Number | Total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an element's atoms. | 68 | |
| 455688554 | Tracer | Substance with a detectable component, such as a molecule labeled with a radioisotope. | 69 | |
| 455688555 | Radioisotope | Isotope with an unstable nucleus. | 70 | |
| 455688556 | Radioactive Decay | Process by which atoms of a radioisotope emit energy and/or subatomic particles when their nucleus spontaneously disintegrates. | 71 | |
| 455688557 | Shell Model | Model of electron distribution in an atom. | 72 | |
| 455688558 | Ion | Atom that carries a charge because it has an unequal number of protons and electrons. | 73 | |
| 455688559 | Free Radical | Atom with an unpaired electron. | 74 | |
| 455688560 | Chemical Bond | An attractive force that arises between two atoms when their electrons interact. | 75 | |
| 455688561 | Molecule | Group of two or more atoms joined by chemical bonds. | 76 | |
| 455688562 | Compound | Molecule that has atoms of more than one element. | 77 | |
| 455688563 | Electronegativity | Measure of the ability of an atom to pull electrons away from other atoms. | 78 | |
| 455688564 | Ionic Bond | Chemical bond that consists of a strong mutual attraction between ions of opposite charge. | 79 | |
| 455688565 | Polarity | Separation of charge into positive and negative regions. | 80 | |
| 455688566 | Covalent Bond | Chemical bond in which two atoms share a pair of electrons. | 81 | |
| 455688567 | Hydrogen Bond | Attraction between a covalently bonded hydrogen atom and another atom taking part in a separate covalent bond. | 82 | |
| 455688568 | Solvent | Substance that can dissolve other substances. | 83 | |
| 455688569 | Salt | Ionic compound that releases ions other than H+ and OH- when it dissolves in water. | 84 | |
| 455688570 | Solute | A dissolved substance. | 85 | |
| 455688571 | Temperature | Measure of molecular motion. | 86 | |
| 455688572 | Cohesion | Property of a substance that arises from the tendency of its molecules to resist separating from one another. | 87 | |
| 455688573 | Hydrophilic | Describes a substance that dissolves easily in water. | 88 | |
| 455688574 | Hydrophobic | Describes a substance that resists dissolving in water. | 89 | |
| 455688575 | Evaporation | Transition of a liquid to a gas. | 90 | |
| 455688576 | Mixture | An intermingling of two or more types of molecules. | 91 | |
| 455688577 | Concentration | The number of molecules or ions per unit volume of a solution. | 92 | |
| 455688578 | pH | A measure of the number of hydrogen ions in a fluid. | 93 | |
| 455688579 | Acid | Substance that releases hydrogen ions in water. | 94 | |
| 455688580 | Base | Substance that accepts hydrogen ions in water. | 95 | |
| 455688581 | Buffer | Set of chemicals that can keep the pH of a solution stable by alternately donating and accepting ions that contribute to pH. | 96 | |
| 455688582 | Organic | Describes a compound that consists primarily of carbon and hydrogen atoms. | 97 | |
| 455688583 | Hydrocarbon | Compound that consists only of carbon and hydrogen atoms. | 98 | |
| 455688584 | Functional Group | A group of atoms bonded to a carbon of an organic compound; imparts a specific chemical property to the molecule. | 99 | |
| 455688585 | Metabolism | All the enzyme-mediated chemical reactions by which cells acquire and use energy as they build and break down organic molecules. | 100 | |
| 455688586 | Reaction | Process of molecular change. | 101 | |
| 455688587 | Condensation | Process by which enzymes build large molecules from smaller subunits; water also forms. | 102 | |
| 455688588 | Enzyme | Compound (usually a protein) that speeds up a reaction without being changed by it. | 103 | |
| 455688589 | Polymer | Molecule that consists of multiple monomers. | 104 | |
| 455688590 | Monomers | Molecules that are subunits of polymers. | 105 | |
| 455688591 | Hydrolysis | Process by which an enzyme breaks a molecule into smaller subunits by attaching a hydroxyl group to one part and a hydrogen atom to the other. | 106 | |
| 455688592 | Disaccharide | Polymer of two sugar subunits. | 107 | |
| 455688593 | Polysaccharide | Polymer of many monosaccharides. | 108 | |
| 455688594 | Carbohydrate | Molecule that consists primarily of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in a 1:2:1 ratio. | 109 | |
| 455688595 | Cellulose | Polysaccharide; major structural material in plants. | 110 | |
| 455688596 | Glycogen | Polysaccharide; energy reservoir in animal cells. | 111 | |
| 455688597 | Starch | Polysaccharide; energy reservoir in plant cells. | 112 | |
| 455688598 | Monosaccharide | Simple sugar; monomer of polysaccharides. | 113 | |
| 455688599 | Lipid | Fatty, oily, or waxy organic compound. | 114 | |
| 455688600 | Fat | Lipid that consists of a glycerol molecule with one, two, or three fatty acid tails. | 115 | |
| 455688601 | Fatty Acid | Organic compound that consists of a chain of carbon atoms with an acidic carboxyl group at one end. Carbon chain of saturated types has single bonds only; that of unsaturated types has one or more double bonds. | 116 | |
| 455688602 | Triglyceride | A fat with three fatty acid tails. | 117 | |
| 455688603 | Unsaturated Fatty Acid | Fatty acid that has one or more carbon-carbon double bonds in its tail. | 118 | |
| 455688604 | Saturated Fatty Acid | Fatty acid that contains no carbon-carbon double bonds. | 119 | |
| 455688605 | Lipid Bilayer | Double layer of lipids arranged tail-to-tail; structural foundation of all cell membranes. | 120 | |
| 455688606 | Phospholipid | A lipid with a phosphate group in its hydrophilic head, and two nonpolar fatty acid tails; main constituent of eukaryotic cell membranes. | 121 | |
| 455688607 | Wax | Water-repellent mixture of lipids with long fatty acid tails bonded to long-chain alcohols or carbon rings. | 122 | |
| 455688608 | Steroid | Type of lipid with four carbon rings and no fatty acid tails. | 123 | |
| 455688609 | Protein | Organic compound that consists of one or more chains of amino acids (polypeptides). | 124 | |
| 455688610 | Amino Acid | Small organic compound that is a subunit of proteins. Consists of a carboxyl group, an amine group, and a characteristic side group (R), all typically bonded to the same carbon atom. | 125 | |
| 455688611 | Peptide Bond | A bond between the amine group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another. Joins amino acids in proteins. | 126 | |
| 455688612 | Polypeptide | Chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. | 127 | |
| 455688613 | Denature | To unravel the shape of a biological molecule. | 128 | |
| 455688614 | Prion | Infectious protein. | 129 | |
| 455688615 | Nucleotide | Monomer of nucleic acids; has a five-carbon sugar, a nitrogen-containing base, and phosphate groups. | 130 | |
| 455688616 | DNA | Deoxyribonucleic acid. Nucleic acid that carries hereditary information about traits; consists of two nucleotide chains twisted in a double helix. | 131 | |
| 455688617 | RNA | Ribonucleic acid. Some types have roles in protein synthesis. | 132 | |
| 455688618 | Nucleic Acid | Single- or double-stranded chain of nucleotides joined by sugar-phosphate bonds; for example, DNA, RNA. | 133 | |
| 455688619 | ATP | Adenosine triphosphate. Nucleotide that consists of an ade-nine base, a ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups. | 134 | |
| 455688620 | Plasma Membrane | A cell's outermost membrane. | 135 | |
| 455688621 | Cytoplasm | Semifluid substance enclosed by a cell's plasma membrane. | 136 | |
| 455688622 | Nucleus | Organelle with two membranes that holds a eukaryotic cell's DNA. | 137 | |
| 455688623 | Organelle | Structure that carries out a specialized metabolic function inside a cell. | 138 | |
| 455688624 | Surface-to-Volume Ratio | A relationship in which the volume of an object increases with the cube of the diameter, and the surface area increases with the square. | 139 | |
| 455688625 | Cell Theory | Theory that all organisms consist of one or more cells, which are the basic unit of life; all cells come from division of preexisting cells; and all cells pass hereditary material to offspring. | 140 | |
| 455688626 | Nucleoid | Region of cytoplasm where the DNA is concentrated inside a bacterium or archaeon. | 141 | |
| 455688627 | Ribosome | Organelle of protein synthesis. | 142 | |
| 455688628 | Cell Wall | Semirigid but permeable structure that surrounds the plasma membrane of some cells. | 143 | |
| 455688629 | Flagella | Long, slender cellular structure used for motility. | 144 | |
| 455688630 | Pili | Protein filament that projects from the surface of some bacteria and archaea. | 145 | |
| 455688631 | Plasmid | Small circle of DNA in some bacteria and archaea. | 146 | |
| 455688632 | Biofilm | Community of microorganisms living within a shared mass of slime. | 147 | |
| 455688633 | Chromosome | A structure that consists of DNA and associated proteins; carries part or all of a cell's genetic information. | 148 | |
| 455688634 | Nuclear Envelope | A double membrane that constitutes the outer boundary of the nucleus. Pores in the membrane control which substances can cross. | 149 | |
| 455688635 | Nucleoplasm | Viscous fluid enclosed by the nuclear envelope. | 150 | |
| 455688636 | Nucleolus | In a cell nucleus, a dense, irregularly shaped region where ribosomal subunits are assembled. | 151 | |
| 455688637 | Endomembrane System | Series of interacting organelles (endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, vesicles) between nucleus and plasma membrane; produces lipids, proteins. | 152 | |
| 455688638 | Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) | Organelle that is a continuous system of sacs and tubes; extension of the nuclear envelope. Smooth ER makes lipids and breaks down carbohydrates and fatty acids; rough ER modifies polypeptides made by ribosomes on its surface. | 153 | |
| 455688639 | Golgi Body | Organelle that modifies polypeptides and lipids; also sorts and packages the finished products into vesicles. | 154 | |
| 455688640 | Vesicle | Small, membrane-enclosed, saclike organelle; different kinds store, transport, or degrade their contents. | 155 | |
| 455688641 | Peroxisome | Enzyme-filled vesicle that breaks down amino acids, fatty acids, and toxic substances. | 156 | |
| 455688642 | Lysosome | Enzyme-filled vesicle that functions in intracellular digestion. | 157 | |
| 455688643 | Vacuole | A fluid-filled organelle that isolates or disposes of waste, debris, or toxic materials. | 158 | |
| 455688644 | Central Vacuole | Fluid-filled vesicle in many plant cells. | 159 | |
| 455688645 | Mitochondria | Organelle that produces ATP by aerobic respiration in eukaryotes. | 160 | |
| 455688646 | Plastids | Category of double-membraned organelle in plants and algal cells. Different types specialize in storage or photosynthesis; e.g., chloroplast, amyloplast. | 161 | |
| 455688647 | Chloroplast | Organelle of photosynthesis in the cells of plants and many protists. | 162 | |
| 455688648 | Cytoskeleton | Dynamic framework of protein filaments that support, organize, and move eukaryotic cells and their internal structures. | 163 | |
| 455688649 | Motor Protein | Type of energy-using protein that interacts with cytoskeletal elements to move the cell's parts or the whole cell. | 164 | |
| 455688650 | Microtubule | Cytoskeletal element involved in cellular movement; hollow filament of tubulin subunits. | 165 | |
| 455688651 | Microfilament | Reinforcing cytoskeletal element; a fiber of actin subunits. | 166 | |
| 455688652 | Cell Cortex | Reinforcing mesh of cytoskeletal elements under a plasma membrane. | 167 | |
| 455688653 | Pseudopod | A temporary protrusion that helps some eukaryotic cells move and engulf prey. | 168 | |
| 455688654 | Intermediate Filament | Stable cytoskeletal element that structurally supports cells and tissues. | 169 | |
| 455688655 | Centriole | Barrel-shaped organelle from which microtubules grow. | 170 | |
| 455688656 | Cilia | Short, movable structure that projects from the plasma membrane of some eukaryotic cells. | 171 | |
| 455688657 | Basal Body | Organelle that develops from a centriole. | 172 | |
| 455688658 | Extracellular Matrix (ECM) | Complex mixture of cell secretions; supports cells and tissues; has roles in cell signaling. | 173 | |
| 455688659 | Lignin | Material that stiffens cell walls of vascular plants. | 174 | |
| 455688660 | Secondary Wall | Lignin-reinforced wall that forms inside the primary wall of a plant cell. | 175 | |
| 455688661 | Primary Wall | The first cell wall of young plant cells. | 176 | |
| 455688662 | Cuticle | Secreted covering at a body surface. | 177 | |
| 455688663 | Cell Junction | Structure that connects a cell to another cell or to extracellular matrix. | 178 | |
| 455688664 | Plasmodesmata | Cell junctions that connect the cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells. | 179 | |
| 455688665 | Gap Junction | Cell junction that forms a channel across the plasma membranes of adjoining animal cells. | 180 | |
| 455688666 | Adhering Junction | Cell junction composed of adhesion proteins; anchors cells to each other and extracellular matrix. | 181 | |
| 455688667 | Tight Junctions | Arrays of fibrous proteins; join epithelial cells and collectively prevent fluids from leaking between them. | 182 | |
| 455688668 | Kinetic Energy | The energy of motion. | 183 | |
| 455688669 | Potential energy | Stored energy. | 184 | |
| 455688670 | Energy | The capacity to do work. | 185 | |
| 455688671 | First Law of Thermodynamics | Energy cannot be created or destroyed. | 186 | |
| 455688672 | Second Law of Thermodynamics | Energy tends to disperse spontaneously. | 187 | |
| 455688673 | Entropy | Measure of how much the energy of a system is dispersed. | 188 | |
| 455688674 | Reactant | A molecule that enters a reaction. | 189 | |
| 455688675 | Product | A molecule that remains at the end of a reaction. | 190 | |
| 455688676 | Endergonic | Describes a reaction that requires a net input of free energy to proceed. | 191 | |
| 455688677 | Exergonic | Describes a reaction that ends with a net release of free energy. | 192 | |
| 455688678 | Activation Energy | Minimum amount of energy required to start a reaction. | 193 | |
| 455688679 | Catalysis | The acceleration of a reaction by a molecule that is unchanged by participating in the reaction. | 194 | |
| 455688680 | Substrate | A molecule that is specifically acted upon by an enzyme. | 195 | |
| 455688681 | Active Site | Of an enzyme, pocket in which substrates bind and a reaction occurs. | 196 | |
| 455688682 | Induced-Fit Model | The concept that substrate binding to an active site of an enzyme improves the fit between the two molecules. | 197 | |
| 455688683 | Transition State | Point during a reaction at which substrate bonds reach their breaking point and the reaction will run spontaneously. | 198 | |
| 455688684 | Metabolic Pathways | Series of enzyme-mediated reactions by which cells build, remodel, or break down an organic molecule. | 199 | |
| 455688685 | Allosteric | Describes a region of an enzyme that can bind a regulatory molecule and is not the active site. | 200 | |
| 455688686 | Feedback Inhibition | Mechanism in which a change that results from some activity decreases or stops the activity. | 201 | |
| 455688687 | Redox (Oxidation-Reduction) Reaction | Oxidation-reduction reaction, in which one molecule accepts electrons (it becomes reduced) from another molecule (which becomes oxidized). | 202 | |
| 455688688 | Electron Transfer Chains | Array of enzymes and other molecules that accept and give up electrons in sequence, thus releasing the energy of the electrons in usable increments. | 203 | |
| 455688689 | Cofactor | A metal ion or a coenzyme that associates with an enzyme and is necessary for its function. | 204 | |
| 455688690 | Coenzyme | An organic molecule that is a cofactor. | 205 | |
| 455688691 | Antioxidant | Substance that prevents oxidation of other molecules. | 206 | |
| 455688692 | ATP | The nucleotide adenosine triphosphate. | 207 | |
| 455688693 | Phosphorylation | Transfer of a phosphate group from one molecule to another. | 208 | |
| 455688694 | ATP/ADP Cycle | Process by which cells regenerate ATP. ADP forms when ATP loses a phosphate group, then ATP forms again as ADP gains a phosphate group. | 209 | |
| 455688695 | Fluid Mosaic | Model of a cell membrane as a two-dimensional fluid of mixed composition. | 210 | |
| 455688696 | Transport Protein | Protein that passively or actively assists specific ions or molecules across a membrane. | 211 | |
| 455688697 | Receptor Protein | Plasma membrane protein that binds to a particular substance outside of the cell. | 212 | |
| 455688698 | Adhesion Protein | Membrane protein that helps cells stick together in animal tissues. | 213 | |
| 455688699 | Recognition Protein | Plasma membrane protein that identifies a cell as belonging to self (one's own body). | 214 | |
| 455688700 | Diffusion | Spontaneous spreading of molecules or ions in a liquid or gas. | 215 | |
| 455688701 | Concentration Gradient | Difference in concentration between adjoining regions of fluid. | 216 | |
| 455688702 | Concentration | Number of molecules or ions per unit volume. | 217 | |
| 455688703 | Osmosis | The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane in response to a concentration gradient. | 218 | |
| 455688704 | Hypotonic | Describes a fluid that has a low overall solute concentration relative to another fluid. | 219 | |
| 455688705 | Hypertonic | Describes a fluid that has a high overall solute concentration relative to another fluid. | 220 | |
| 455688706 | Isotonic | Describes two fluids with identical solute concentrations. | 221 | |
| 455688707 | Osmotic Pressure | Amount of turgor that prevents osmosis into cytoplasm or other hypertonic fluid. | 222 | |
| 455688708 | Turgor | Pressure that a fluid exerts against a wall, membrane, or other structure that contains it. | 223 | |
| 455688709 | Active Transport | Energy-requiring mechanism in which a transport protein pumps a solute across a cell membrane against its concentration gradient. | 224 | |
| 455688710 | Calcium Pump | Active transport protein; pumps calcium ions across a cell membrane against their concentration gradient. | 225 | |
| 455688711 | Passive Transport | Mechanism by which a concentration gradient drives the movement of a solute across a cell membrane through a transport protein. Requires no energy input. | 226 | |
| 455688712 | Exocytosis | Process by which a cell expels a vesicle's contents to extracellular fluid. | 227 | |
| 455688713 | Endocytosis | Process by which a cell takes in a small amount of extracellular fluid by the ballooning inward of its plasma membrane. | 228 | |
| 455688714 | Pinocytosis | Endocytosis of bulk materials. | 229 | |
| 455688715 | Phagocytosis | "Cell eating"; an endocytic pathway by which a cell engulfs particles such as microbes or cellular debris. | 230 | |
| 455992983 | Chitin | A polymer made of modified glucose molecules and forms the structural strength for fungi and many invertebrates. | 231 | |
| 456145738 | Oxidized | A molecule that gives up electrons is... | 232 | |
| 456145739 | Reduced | A molecule that accepts electrons is... | 233 | |
| 456145740 | Chromatin | Collective term for DNA molecules together with their associated proteins. | 234 | |
| 456145741 | Isomers | Glucose, Fructose, & Galactose are monosaccharides with the same structural formula, but different configuration making them all examples of... | 235 | |
| 456145742 | Tertiary | Three-dimensional configuration of an amino acid chain that is influenced by the surrounding environment. | 236 | |
| 456145743 | Quaternary | Individual polypeptides that are linked together by hydrogen bonds, an example of this is hemoglobin. | 237 |
