Epithelial Tissues / Fibrous Connective Tissues / Supporting Connective Tissues / Muscle Tissues / Skeletal Muscle Microstructure / Nervous Tissues / Integration of Tissues
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| 165045216 | Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, Nervous | List the four basic tissue types. | 0 | |
| 108708363 | Basement Membrane | A thin, delicate membrane of protein fibers and glycosaminoglycans separating an epithelium from underlying tissue. (6) |  | 1 |
| 611478606 | Apical/Free Surface | The top or exposed surface of tissue. (4) | | 2 |
| 251743891 | Epithelial Tissue | One of four basic tissue types, forms the working surface of skin and all body cavities, including glands, ducts, and vessels. It protects, secretes, and absorbs. Connected by one or more cell junctions; the lowest layer bound to the underlying connective tissue by a basement membrane. |  | 3 |
| 714292265 | Simple Epithelia | This type of epithelial tissue functions in filtration, diffusion, secretion, and absorption. It lines air cells, blood and lymphatic vessels, glands, body cavity membranes, and viscera. Divided into squamous, cuboidal, columnar, and pseudostratified columnar. | 4 | |
| 1004720276 | Simple Squamous Epithelia | Thin, plate-like cells that function in diffusion. They line the heart, all blood and lymphatic vessels, air cells, body cavities, and glomeruli in the urinary tract. (A) |  | 5 |
| 723407395 | Simple Cuboidal Epithelia | Generally secretory cells that make up glands throughout the body, tubules of the kidney, and terminal bronchioles of the lungs. (B) | | 6 |
| 604208354 | Simple Columnar Epithelia | Line the gastrointestinal tract and are concerned with secretion and absorption. Their free (apical) surface may be covered with microvilli. (E) | | 7 |
| 588120561 | Microvilli | Minute, hairlike structures projecting from the surface of epithelial cells, such as those lining the small intestine. They increase the cell's surface area for secretion/absorption. |  | 8 |
| 142916194 | Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelia | Cells bunched together in a single layer that appear stratified but are not; each cell is attached to the basement membrane. They line reproductive and respiratory tracts. Cilia on the free surface move surface material by means of undulating power strokes alternating with resting strokes. (F) | | 9 |
| 688595025 | Cilia | Short, microscopic, hairlike vibrating structures occurring in large numbers on the surface of certain cells. They either cause currents in the surrounding fluid, or, in some protozoans and other small organisms, provide propulsion. | 10 | |
| 4967986 | Stratified Epithelia | Type of epithelial tissue characterized by more than one layer of cells. | 11 | |
| 294995732 | Stratified Squamous Epithelia | The flat squamous cells on the surface may be keratinized (skin) or not (oral cavity, esophagus, etc). Basal cells are generally columnar and germinating. Resistant to damage from wear and tear due to the ready replacement of cells. (C) | | 12 |
| 400111521 | Transitional Stratified Epithelia | The lining tissue of the excretory passageways of the urinary tract, consisting of variable layers of cells that have the capacity to stretch thin or contract in response to changing volumes of urine. | 13 | |
| 88858719 | Glandular Epithelia | Type of epithelial tissue with cells that produce and secrete/excrete materials of varying composition, such as hormones, sweat, and sebum. Divided into exocrine and endocrine. |  | 14 |
| 223305751 | Exocrine Glands | Arise as outpocketings of epithelial tissue (e.g., sweat, sebaceous, pancreatic, mammary), retain a duct to the free surface of the cavity or skin, and excrete sweat or sebum. |  | 15 |
| 733173114 | Sebum | An oily secretion of the sebaceous glands. | 16 | |
| 255442866 | Endocrine Glands | Arise as epithelial outgrowths but lose their connections to the surface during development. They are intimately associated with a dense capillary network into which they secrete their products (e.g. hormones). | 17 | |
| 405596950 | Myoepithelia | Cells usually found in glandular epithelium as a thin layer above the basement membrane but generally beneath the luminal cells. These may be positive for alpha smooth muscle actin and can contract and expel the secretions of exocrine glands. | 18 | |
| 487115143 | Connective Tissue | One of four basic tissue types, it consists of variable numbers of cells and fibers, in a viscous matrix, which are collectively concerned with connecting, binding, and supporting body structures. The "packing material" of the body. |  | 19 |
| 622161525 | Loose Areolar Connective Tissue | A type of connective tissue characterized by many cells; a loose, irregular arrangement of fibers; and a moderately viscous fluid matrix. The most common type of connective tissue in vertebrates. Contains fibroblast cells, collagen and reticular fibers, macrophages, fat cells, plasma cells, mast cells, and numerous capillaries. |  | 20 |
| 847287887 | Adipose Connective Tissue | A type of connective tissue with an aggregation of fat cells supported by reticular and collagenous fibers, and closely associated with both blood and lymph capillaries. It serves as a source of fuel, an insulator, and mechanical padding; it also stores fat-soluble vitamins. |  | 21 |
| 178320459 | Dense Regular Connective Tissue | A type of connective tissue consisting of parallel-arranged masses of collagenous/elastic fibers. It forms ligaments and tendons that are powerfully resistant to axially loaded tension forces, yet permit some stretch. Contains few cells, largely fibroblasts. |  | 22 |
| 703779198 | Dense Irregular Connective Tissue | A type of connective tissue consisting of irregularly arranged masses of interwoven collagenous (and some elastic) fibers in a viscous matrix. It forms capsules of joints, envelopes muscle tissue (deep fasciae), encapsulates certain visceral organs (liver, spleen, and others), and largely makes up the dermis of the skin. Resists impact, contains few cells, minimally vascularized. |  | 23 |
| 814592359 | Fibroblast | A cell in connective tissue that produces collagen and other fibers. |  | 24 |
| 550551819 | Collagen | The main structural protein found in connective tissue, exhibiting great tensile strength. |  | 25 |
| 727871514 | Elastic Fibers | Bundles of proteins (elastin) found in extracellular matrix of connective tissue providing it support. Produced by fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells in arteries. |  | 26 |
| 205590659 | Reticular Fibers | A smaller form of collagen (type III collagen) that supports small cell groups of the blood-forming tissues, the lymphoid tissues, and adipose tissue. They crosslink to form a fine meshwork. |  | 27 |
| 256828576 | Macrophages | Cells in connective tissue that engulf cell debris, foreign matter, and microorganisms in concert with the immune response. |  | 28 |
| 178593304 | Fat Cells | Cells that store lipids, seen in small or large numbers in connective tissue. | | 29 |
| 550623061 | Plasma Cells | Cells in connective tissue that secrete antibodies in response to infection. | 30 | |
| 327503335 | Mast Cells | Cells in connective tissue found next to capillaries. Release histamine and other substances during inflammatory and allergic reactions. |  | 31 |
| 499246106 | Matrix | The intercellular ground substance in which all connective tissue cells function. | 32 | |
| 143549105 | Capillaries | The smallest of blood vessels. They serve to distribute oxygenated blood from arteries to the tissues of the body and to feed deoxygenated blood from the tissues back into the veins. | 33 | |
| 24204569 | Cartilage | A type of connective tissue with the fibrous component determining the quality: hyaline, elastic, or fibrous. Cells (chondrocytes) in small cavities (lacunae) are surrounded by a hard but flexible matrix of water bound to complex sugar-protein molecules (proteoglycans, GAG) and collagen fibers. |  | 34 |
| 820254142 | Chondrocyte | A cell that has secreted the matrix of cartilage and become embedded in it. |  | 35 |
| 11536201 | Lacuna | A cavity or depression, especially in bone and cartilage, that are occupied by cells. In compact bone they are located between lamellae. (1) |  | 36 |
| 17216807 | Proteoglycans | A compound consisting of a protein bonded to glycosaminoglycan groups, present especially in connective tissue. | 37 | |
| 370112665 | Glycosaminoglycans (GAG) | Any of a group of compounds occurring chiefly as components of connective tissue. They are complex polysaccharides containing amino groups. | 38 | |
| 231462891 | Hyaline Cartilage | A type of cartilage well known as the covering at bone ends. It's avascular, insensitive, and compressible. Porous, it enhances absorption of nutrients and oxygen. Supports the external nose, and is the main structural support of the larynx and much of the lower respiratory tract. Forms the model for most early developing bone. | 39 | |
| 44333442 | Elastic Cartilage | A type of cartilage that is essentially hyaline cartilage with elastic fibers and some collagen. It supports the external ear and the epiglottis of the larynx. Also known as yellow cartilage. | 40 | |
| 238598324 | Fibrocartilage | A type of cartilage consisting of dense fibrous tissue interspersed with cartilage cells and intercellular matrix. It offers strength with flexibility, resisting both impact and tensile forces. Best example is the intervertebral disc. | 41 | |
| 831842564 | Bone | A type of tissue composing the skeleton and unique for its mineralized matrix (65% mineral, 35% organic). It harbors many viscera, assists in the mechanism of respiration, and is a reservoir of calcium. The interior cavity in some is a center of blood cell formation. | 42 | |
| 24115990 | Compact/Cortical Bone | A form of bone that is the noncancellous, impact-resistant, weight-bearing shell of bone lined by a sheath of life-supporting fibrous periosteum. Consists largely of concentric lamellar osteons and interstitial lamellae. |  | 43 |
| 1058023454 | Spongy/Cancellous Bone | A form of bone that is internal to compact bone, consisting of irregularly shaped, interwoven beams (trabeculae) of bone, lacking haversian systems. |  | 44 |
| 84541918 | Periosteum | A dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bones except at the surfaces of the joints. |  | 45 |
| 925825178 | Haversian System/Osteon | The cylindrical, column-like structures in compact bones. Concentric lamellae of mineralized, collagenous matrix around a central canal containing blood vessels. |  | 46 |
| 400139966 | Lamellae | A thin layer, membrane, scale, or platelike tissue or part, especially in bone tissue. |  | 47 |
| 911927959 | Haversian Canal | Any of the minute tubes that form a network in bone and contain blood vessels. |  | 48 |
| 182060617 | Volkmann's Canals | Any of the small channels in the bone that transmit blood vessels from the periosteum into the bone and that communicate with the Haversian canals. |  | 49 |
| 420644023 | Canaliculi | A small channel or duct. They interconnect lacunae in compact bone. |  | 50 |
| 582609465 | Osteocytes | Bone cells. They occupy the lacunae and their multiple extensions fill the canaliculi, connecting them to the haversian canal. Formed when an osteoblast becomes embedded in the matrix it has secreted. | 51 | |
| 497393083 | Osteoclasts | Large, multinucleate, avidly phagocytic bone cells that absorb bone tissue during growth and healing. | 52 | |
| 118551272 | Osteoblasts | Cells that secrete the matrix for bone formation. | 53 | |
| 1004745421 | Skeletal/Striated Muscle Cells | Muscle cells that are long, striated, and multinucleated. Formed of myofibrils, mitochondria, and other organelles within the sarcoplasm; each cell enveloped in a sarcolemma. Contribute greatly to the shape of the body and move joints . |  | 54 |
| 652814675 | Myofibrils | Elongated contractile threads found in striated muscle cells. (L) |  | 55 |
| 458926212 | Sarcoplasm | The cytoplasm of striated muscle cells. | 56 | |
| 761593398 | Sarcolemma | The fine transparent tubular sheath that envelops the fibers of skeletal muscles; a.k.a. the cell membrane. (F) | | 57 |
| 799152058 | Innervation | To supply with nerves, or to arouse or stimulate (a nerve or an organ) to activity. Required for skeletal muscle contraction. | 58 | |
| 559948053 | Denervation | Interruption of the nerve connection to an organ or part. Causes effected portion of muscle to loose tone and become flaccid, leading the entire muscle to atrophy. | 59 | |
| 836626199 | Reinnervation | Restoration of nerve function to a part from which it was lost; it may occur spontaneously or be achieved by nerve grafting. | 60 | |
| 502236043 | Muscle Tone/Tonus | The slight, continuous contraction of a muscle, which in skeletal muscles aids in the maintenance of posture and in the return of blood to the heart. | 61 | |
| 866471145 | Myoblast | A type of embryonic progenitor cell that differentiates to give rise to muscle cells. Skeletal muscle fibers are made when these cells fuse together; muscle fibers therefore have multiple nuclei. | 62 | |
| 37023016 | Hypertrophy | The enlargement of an organ or tissue from the increase in size of its cells. Occurs in skeletal muscle as a response to training/exercise. | 63 | |
| 770080921 | Keratin | A fibrous sulfur-containing protein that is the primary component of the epidermis, hair, nails, enamel of the teeth, and horny tissue of animals. | 64 | |
| 346026684 | Elastin | An elastic, fibrous glycoprotein found in connective tissue. | 65 | |
| 910358689 | Antibody | A blood protein produced in response to and counteracting a specific antigen. Antibodies combine chemically with substances that the body recognizes as alien, such as bacteria, viruses, and foreign substances in the blood. | 66 | |
| 352915984 | Perichondrium | The connective tissue that envelops cartilage where it is not at a joint. Avascular cartilage receives its nutrition by diffusion from vessels in this area. |  | 67 |
| 213244339 | Articular Cartilage | The cartilage covering the articular surfaces of the bones forming a synovial joint. |  | 68 |
| 200279712 | Multinucleate | Eukaryotic cells that have more than one nucleus per cell, i.e., multiple nuclei share one common cytoplasm. | 69 | |
| 413759941 | Phagocytes | Cells that protect the body by ingesting harmful foreign particles, bacteria, and dead or dying cells. |  | 70 |
| 370014062 | Circumferential Lamella | A bony lamella that encircles the outer or inner surface of a bone. | 71 | |
| 497137767 | Interstitial Lamellae | The lamella between osteons in bone; the remnants of osteons that were partially resorbed during the process of bone remodeling. | 72 | |
| 167893979 | Trabeculae | Anastomosing bony spicules in cancellous bone which form a meshwork of intercommunicating spaces that are filled with bone marrow. | 73 | |
| 5935624 | Cardiac/Striated Muscle Cells | Muscle cells that make up the heart muscle. They are branched, striated cells with one or two centrally located nuclei and sarcolemma surrounding the sarcoplasm. Highly vascularized; their contractions are rhythmic, strong, and well regulated by a special set of impulse-conducting muscle cells rather than nerves. |  | 74 |
| 610136892 | Intercalated Disc | Microscopic identifying features of cardiac muscle. Cardiac muscle consists of individual heart muscle cells (cardiomyocytes) connected by these to work as a single functional organ or syncytium. |  | 75 |
| 752559045 | Cardiomyocytes | The muscle cells (myocytes) that make up the cardiac muscle. | 76 | |
| 536973768 | Myocytes | The type of cells found in muscle tissue; Long, tubular cells that develop from myoblasts to form muscles in a process known as myogenesis. | 77 | |
| 46252521 | Myogenesis | The formation of muscular tissue, particularly during embryonic development. Muscle fibers form from the fusion of myoblasts into multi-nucleated fibers called myotubes. | 78 | |
| 547496021 | Visceral/Smooth Muscle Cells | Long, nonstriated, tapered muscle cells with centrally placed nuclei; each cell surrounded by a plasmalemma. Occupy the walls of visceral organs and serve to propel the contents along the length of those cavities by slow, sustained rhythmic contractions. Can also act as gates in specific sites, regulating the flow. |  | 79 |
| 381177294 | Plasmalemma | A plasma membrane that bounds a cell (smooth muscle cells). | 80 | |
| 120658083 | Myofilament | The filaments of myofibrils constructed from proteins. | 81 | |
| 154284030 | Myofibril | Any of the elongated contractile threads found in striated muscle cells. (N) | | 82 |
| 534967709 | Sphincter | A ring of muscle surrounding and serving to guard or close an opening or tube, such as the anus or the openings of the stomach. | 83 | |
| 439503687 | Red Muscle Fiber | One of the two main types of skeletal muscle, which contains abundant mitochondria and myoglobin. These fibers contract and fatigue more slowly than the other. | 84 | |
| 427891347 | White Muscle Fiber | One of the two main types of skeletal muscle, in which large pale fibers predominate and mitochondria and myoglobin are sparse. | 85 | |
| 82803196 | Endomysium | Meaning "within the muscle"; a wispy layer of areolar connective tissue that ensheaths each individual muscle fiber, or muscle cell. It also contains capillaries and nerves. It overlies the muscle fiber's cell membrane: the sarcolemma. (E) | | 86 |
