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| 7126853896 | acetylcoenzyme A (acetyl coA) | a compound derived from pyruvic acid when the aerobic energy system is being utilised. | 0 | |
| 7126855366 | aerobic capacity | the ability to provide and sustain energy aerobically. The VO2 max of an individual is a strong indicator of aerobic capacity. | 1 | |
| 7126856769 | alveoli | small air sacs found in the lungs where gaseous exchange occurs. |  | 2 |
| 7126862526 | arterio-venous oxygen difference (a-VO2 diff) | The difference in oxygen content of the blood in the arteries and the veins. It is a measure of the oxygen consumed by the muscles. | 3 | |
| 7126863875 | ATP | Is a form of chemical energy found in all muscle cells. The high energy phosphate molecules are broken down to release energy for all processes, including muscle contraction, nerve transmission and digestion. The amount of ATP in the muscle cells is limited and is exhausted within a few seconds. It must therefore be constantly resynthesised in order to provide a continuous supply of energy. |  | 4 |
| 7126869061 | Carbohydrates | Used as a fuel source to resynthesise ATP for the lactic acid and aerobic systems. Primary source of energy for the body. Broken down into glucose and stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles. 2/3 is stored in the muscles. | 5 | |
| 7126876021 | Protein | Converted to amino acids. Amino acids are the basic structural materials of the body. Amino acids are also used to make hormones and enzymes which are used in the body. Only used for energy during physical activity in EXTREME situations. | 6 | |
| 7126880700 | Fats | Sometimes referred to as lipids. Broken down to fatty acids. Are the main source of energy used by the body during low intensity exercise. The aerobic system is the only system that can use this fuel source in order to resynthesise ATP. | 7 | |
| 7126884860 | Macronutrient | Fats, Carbs, Protein | 8 | |
| 7126888700 | creatine phosphate | During periods of high intensity (>95% of maximal intensity) that is short in duration (<10 seconds), this is used to resynthesise ATP under anaerobic conditions (without oxygen present). - Only approx 10 seconds worth in the muscle (CP stores to support 10 secs of maximal effort). - 30 seconds to replenish 50% - 3 mins to replenish 100% |  | 9 |
| 7126892801 | Aerobic lipolysis (part of the aerobic system) | Fats broken down to resynthesise ATP using oxygen (happens in mitochondria) | 10 | |
| 7126893511 | Aerobic glycolysis system (part of the aerobic system) | Glycogen broken down to re-synthesise ATP with oxygen (most ATP resynthesis happens in mitochondria) | 11 | |
| 7126895025 | Anaerobic glycolysis system (lactic acid system) | Uses glucose (stored as glycogen in the muscles) to resynthesise ATP. - Operates anaerobically (without oxygen). - Is dominant during high intensity efforts lasting beyond 30 seconds (85-95% of max intensity). - Because oxygen is not involved, lactic acid is produced as a by-product. -Lasts as long as the muscle can withstand the buildup of lactic acid and hydrogen ions - normally around 2 mins of high intensity activity (85 to 95% of max intensity). |  | 12 |
| 7126895471 | Hitting the wall | When the duration of an event has reached a point where fats are used to resynthesise ATP instead of carbohydrates. This is because glycogen stores may be near depletion. | 13 | |
| 7126897736 | Steady state | When oxygen consumption meets oxygen demand. | 14 | |
| 7126898414 | VO2 | the volume of oxygen consumed by the body for energy production | 15 | |
| 7126898914 | VO2 max | This is the maximum volume of oxygen that can be taken in, transported and consumed by the working muscles per minute. |  | 16 |
| 7126905434 | Breathing frequency | The number of breaths per minute. An acute response to exercise. | 17 | |
| 7126906024 | Stroke volume | Volume of blood pumped from the left ventricle of the heart per beat. Increases when exercise starts (acute response). Increases as a result of training (this is due to cardiac hypertrophy - a chronic response to exercise). | 18 | |
| 7126908666 | Minute ventilation | air moved in and out of the lungs per minute. Is the product of tidal volume and breathing frequency. Increases when exercise starts (an acute response). | 19 | |
| 7126911510 | Tidal volume | The volume of air inspired or expired per breath. Increases when exercise starts (an acute response) | 20 | |
| 7126919331 | Enzyme | Speeds up the rate of reaction. | 21 | |
| 7126924300 | Acute response | Something that changes as soon as exercise begins | 22 | |
| 7126932979 | The ATP PC system | Uses creatine phosphate (CP) stored in the muscle to resynthesise ATP. - Operates anaerobically (without oxygen). - Is dominant during maximal and very high intensity efforts (>95% of max intensity). - Only produces heat as a by-product. - Will last for approx 10 seconds of continuous maximal activity. | 23 | |
| 7126938843 | The aerobic system | Uses glycogen as its preferred fuel to resynthesise ATP (aerobic glycolysis), but can also use fats (aerobic lipolysis) and even protein. - Is dominant during low intensity activity of any duration and any sub-maximal activity (<85% max HR). - Produces carbon dioxide and water as by-products. |  | 24 |
| 7126962321 | A motor unit | Refers to a motor neuron (activates muscle fibres) and all the muscle fibres (muscle cells) it attaches too. |  | 25 |
| 7126964319 | Slow twitch muscle fibre | Are type 1 muscle fibres (red). They are designed for endurance and are able to produce a large amount of energy using oxygen. Characteristics include: - high aerobic capacity. - high capillary density. - high myoglobin content. - high mitochondria density. - high resistance to fatigue. - low force of contraction. - high triglyceride store. |  | 26 |
| 7126969350 | mmol/L of LA | measure of lactic acid within the blood stream | 27 | |
| 7126971041 | Fatigue | Occurs when the body is unable to function at its optimal level. | 28 | |
| 7126973264 | Vasodilation | An acute response to exercise. A process whereby blood vessels increase in their internal diameter as a response to an increase in body temperature or an increased demand for oxygen delivery to muscles (think about pipes opening up). |  | 29 |
| 7126979261 | Myoglobin. | oxygen-binding protein in skeletal muscle cells that attracts oxygen from the bloodstream into the muscle. It is a protein that stores oxygen in the muscle. An increase in myoglobin is a chronic response associated with training the aerobic system. | 30 | |
| 7126984066 | Haemoglobin | A substance in red blood cells. The main function is to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the muscle cell. An increase in haemoglobin is a chronic response associated with training the aerobic system. |  | 31 |
| 7133627297 | Fast twitch muscle fibre | Are type 2 muscle fibres (white). A type of muscle fibre suited to high intensity, power activities involving anaerobic work. These fibres have a low oxidative capacity. Characteristics differ from slow twitch muscle fibres. - possess greater amounts of ATPase the enzyme responsible for splitting ATP. - The ability to generate greater force than slow twitch muscle fibres since there are more fast twitch muscle fibres per motor unit than in slow twitch motor units. |  | 32 |
| 7133643113 | Excess Post Oxygen Consumption (EPOC) | During recovery the body takes in elevated amounts of oxygen and transports it to the working muscles to maintain elevated rates of aerobic respiration. This oxygen is then used to produce energy (through the aerobic system) to help the body return to its pre-exercise state. It occurs in two components. The alactacid component (fast replenishment stage) where ATP, CP and O2 for myoglobin are replenished. The lactacid (slow replenishment phase) is the slow part where lactic acid is removed and muscle glycogen stores are replenished. Lactic acid removal is around 90 mins for full recovery. |  | 33 |
