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| 14929908702 | 2 nm | diameter of the double helix | 0 | |
| 14929911222 | nucleic region | where bacterial chromosome is located | 1 | |
| 14929912750 | Negative supercoils | DNA is underwound | 2 | |
| 14929922096 | positive supercoils | DNA is overwound | 3 | |
| 14929922701 | topoisomerase | clips DNA to move the strands to relieve/generate supercoiling | 4 | |
| 14929926125 | isomer | difference version of a molecule with slightly different structure | 5 | |
| 14929928529 | generated | negative supercoiling is _____ by topoisomerase | 6 | |
| 14929929763 | relieved | positive supercoiling is ___ by topoisomerase | 7 | |
| 14929930919 | DNA gyrase | type II topoisomerase introduces negative supercoils to bacterial chromosome to begin compaction | 8 | |
| 14929961458 | 50; scaffold | Bacterial chromosome contains ____ huge loops attached to ____ proteins | 9 | |
| 14929968634 | chromatin | DNA associated with specific proteins to compact the DNA | 10 | |
| 14929972513 | compacted | gene expression can be controlled by having more or less ______ chromatin | 11 | |
| 14929976743 | nucleosome | like a spool with DNA wrapped around it made up of histones | 12 | |
| 14929980471 | Amino acid sturcture | amino - basic properties carboxyl - acidic R - unique for each type |  | 13 |
| 14929986216 | Nonpolar amino acids | Glycine, Alanine, Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Methionine, Proline | 14 | |
| 14929989771 | Nonpolar aromatic amino acids | phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan | 15 | |
| 14929992788 | Polar uncharged amino acids | serine, threonine, cysteine, asparagine, glutamine | 16 | |
| 14929994881 | polar negatively charged amino acids | aspartic acid, glutamic acid | 17 | |
| 14929996196 | polar positively charged amino acids | lysine, arginine, histidine | 18 | |
| 14929998435 | 2 | how may amino acids are negatively charged? | 19 | |
| 14929999353 | 3 | How many amino acids are positively charged? | 20 | |
| 14930002942 | peptides | amino acids linked together by peptide bonds | 21 | |
| 14930005083 | peptide bond | link between the carboxyl and amino group has resonance (can rotate) bond by dehydration reaction forms a zig-zag chain trans orientation more often |  | 22 |
| 14930012812 | trans (based on the alpha carbon) | What orientation are the peptide bonds more likely to be form in? | 23 | |
| 14930018389 | primary structure | string of amino acids sequence peptide bonds maintain this structure | 24 | |
| 14930019453 | secondary structure | alpha helix or beta sheets hydrogen bonds within the backbone maintain this structure | 25 | |
| 14930023738 | tertiary structure | final shape of the monomer based on all interactions disulfide bonding ionic interactions, hydrogen bonding, and covalent between R groups hydrophobic exclusion (moves inside) overall 3D structure of a folded polypeptide chain | 26 | |
| 14930029525 | quaternary structure | multiple peptide chains together | 27 | |
| 14930041478 | alpha helix | 10 to 15 amino acids long hydrogen bonds between the backbone N-H - - - O=C right handed 3.6 residues per turn 1.2 nm diameter | 28 | |
| 14930063454 | no consecutive bulky/long R groups no consecutive like charged r groups few with polar R groups (Ser, Thr, Asn, and Asp) rarely have glycine and proline (found in turns) | What sequence can form an alpha helix? | 29 | |
| 14930073897 | resonance | Proline destroys the ____ in the peptide bond because of the ring structure attaching to the carboxyl group | 30 | |
| 14930081046 | antiparallel | beat sheets can be parallel or antiparallel but ____ are stronger because the hydrogen bonds between the sheets are aligned better | 31 | |
| 14930087587 | elastic | alpha helixes have ____ properties which is why hair can be stretched and not break, but it will break if stretched too far | 32 | |
| 14930093751 | strength | beta sheets give _____ to the substance such as silk which has lots of beta sheets | 33 | |
| 14930094775 | super secondary structure | elements of secondary structure coming together that creates a unique property | 34 | |
| 14930098724 | Helix-turn-helix | A protein domain composed of two α helices joined by a short strand of amino acids and is found in many DNA binding proteins. can fit into the major groove to act at the binding site of a protein |  | 35 |
| 14930103189 | four-helix bundle | super secondary structure |  | 36 |
| 14930106635 | coiled-coil | stable, rodlike protein structure formed when two or more alpha helices twist around each other | 37 | |
| 14930112458 | Beta hairpin | antiparallel strands connected by relatively tight reverse turns super secondary structure |  | 38 |
| 14930115786 | antiparallel beta sheets | align in opposite directions |  | 39 |
| 14930117536 | beta barrel | created when beta sheets are extensive enough to fold back on themselves forms a hole for things to pass through within the protein antiparallel |  | 40 |
| 14930120677 | Greek Key | a repetitive supersecondary structure formed when an antiparallel sheet doubles back on itself |  | 41 |
| 14930124927 | Beta-alpha-beta |  | 42 | |
| 14930129325 | alpha/beta barrel | a beta barrel in which successive parallel beta strands are connected by alpha helices such that a barrel of alpha helices surrounds the beta barrel forms a hole |  | 43 |
| 14930139612 | hydrophobic exclusion | The tendency of nonpolar molecules to aggregate together when placed in water. Exclusion refers to the action of water in forcing these molecules together. move inside of the protein to avoid water | 44 | |
| 14930142030 | oligomers | proteins composed of several peptides multiple subunits | 45 | |
| 14930144194 | homooligomer | oligomer with identical subunits | 46 | |
| 14930145184 | heterooligomer | nonidentical subunits | 47 | |
| 14930148118 | prion | infectious agent - simply misfolded protein if it gets to the brain, aggregate together, causes the normal version to change into this version, causes neuron death |  | 48 |
| 14930159315 | dynamic | chromatin structure is ___ meaning that it can control the flow of information by changing the structure | 49 | |
| 14930162482 | beads on a string | histone core of the nucleosome with DNA wrapped around it, about 11 nm in width | 50 | |
| 14930173734 | 200 | when chromatin is cut with a nonspecific nuclease, the fragments differ in length by about _____ bp meaning that the nucleosomes must be spaced out about ____ bp | 51 | |
| 14930176147 | histones | A small protein with a high proportion of positively charged amino acids that binds to the negatively charged DNA and plays a key role in chromatin structure. 20% made of lysine and arginine | 52 | |
| 14930180330 | N | the __-terminal tails are important for the regulation of chromatin structure | 53 | |
| 14981373084 | dimers | H2A and H2B form two _____ | 54 | |
| 14981379116 | tetramer | H3-H4 form a ____ | 55 | |
| 14981387345 | N-tails | stick out from the histones to wrap around the DNA | 56 | |
| 14981401777 | Histone Octomer | Made up of 2 of each type of histone; H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 | 57 | |
| 14981410660 | 1.67; 146 | The DNA wraps around the histone octomer ____ and is ____ base pairs in length (left handed supercoil) | 58 | |
| 14981473830 | Histone acetyltransferase (HAT) | acetylates lys in the histone tails; loosens the tail from the DNA to open up the DNA for replication or transcription | 59 | |
| 14981493726 | Histone Deacetylase (HDAC) | removes acetyl groups from the histone tails closing the tails back down not he DNA closing it off to replication and transcription | 60 | |
| 14981511163 | Phosphorylation | adds a negative charge so it will repel DNA (loosen up DNA) | 61 | |
| 14981526549 | Linker histone | H1 - packs the nucleosomes closer together (lots of positively charged amino acids to be attracted to DNA) | 62 | |
| 14981565389 | 30 nm fiber | interactions between nucleosomes cause the thin fiber to coil or fold into this thicker fiber coil of the beads on the string (6 nucleosomes per turn) |  | 63 |
| 14981574029 | 2 nm fiber | naked DNA | 64 | |
| 14981580727 | 11 nm fiber | nucleosomes | 65 | |
| 14986747115 | Euchromatin | undergoes condensation and decondensation during cell cycle - may become transcriptionally active Less compacted | 66 | |
| 14986764942 | heterochromatin | stays more condensed, not as active or accessible for proteins more compacted (chromatin structure) | 67 | |
| 14986783150 | 300 nm | 30 nm fibers looped and attached to scaffold proteins |  | 68 |
| 14986794440 | 700 nm fiber | coiling of the 300 nm fibers attached to the scaffold proteins |  | 69 |
| 14986831341 | 50,000; 1,400 | the mitotic chromosome is about ____ times shorter than the naked DNA and known as the ____ nm fiber | 70 | |
| 14986850878 | nucleoli | sites in the nucleus where ribosomal RNA genes are made by RNA polymerase; ribosomal subunits assembled in that region | 71 | |
| 14986886196 | Chromosome territories | regions of the nucleus preferentially occupied by particular chromosomes seen during interphase (not condensed DNA) | 72 | |
| 14986901811 | FISH | Staining technique called Fluorescent in situ hybridization chromosome specific sequences that will hybridize to only certain chromosomes with a specific fluorescent tag to label |  | 73 |
| 14986955033 | Chromosome map | based on the FISH images where chromosomes are located during interphase the organization can show the complications that arise for repair and cross over possibilities based on location within the nucleus | 74 |
