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| 9068088213 | Light Microscope | light passes through the specimen then through glass lense | 0 | |
| 9068096220 | Organelles | membrane in eukaryotic cells | 1 | |
| 9068101678 | Electron Microscope | focuses a beam of electrons through a specimen/surface -> the preparation kill the cells | 2 | |
| 9068110475 | Scanning Electron Microscope | detailed study of specimens ->usually covered in a thin layer of gold ->preparation kills the cells | 3 | |
| 9068116333 | Transmission Electron Microscope | studies the internal structure of cells ->stained with atoms of heavy metals -preparation usually kills the cells | 4 | |
| 9068136009 | Cell Fractionation | the separation of cells major organelles ->observation of sub cellular of cells -> usage of a centrifuge | 5 | |
| 9068164441 | Cytosol | plasma membrane within cells (jelly like substance) ->contains chromosomes ->Genes from DNA |  | 6 |
| 9068198704 | Ribosomes | curates proteins ->recieves information from DNA/genes to produce proteins | 7 | |
| 9068151216 | Eukaryotic Cells | DNA located in the nucleus ->bounded by double membrane ->human cells, plant cells | 8 | |
| 9068158027 | Prokaryotic Cells | DNA is NOT residing with a membrane -> floating within cytoplasm -> Bacteria | 9 | |
| 9068217781 | Nucleoid | where DNA is suspended in a Prokaryotic cells | 10 | |
| 9068228157 | Plasma Membrane | selective barriers only allow oxygen and nutrients ->waste exit the cells -this can only happen wit small cells |  | 11 |
| 9068313342 | Surface Area to Volume Size | crucial to sustaining cell permeability ->materials can exit and enter the cells easily -> keep cells small and elongated | 12 | |
| 9068360429 | Nucleus | contains most of the genes in a eukaryotic cell -> genes located in mitochondria (animal cells) -> genes located in chloroplast (plant cells) | 13 | |
| 9068370532 | Nuclear Envolope | wrapped around the nucleus -> separates its contents from the cytoplasm ->double membrane (bilayer lipids) | 14 | |
| 9068384988 | Nuclear lamina | regulates DNA replications and cell division ->supports the nuclear envelope ->lining inside the nuclear envolope | 15 | |
| 9068398302 | Chromosomes | carry genetic infromation ->each carries DNA molecules (contains many proteins) ->proteins help with the coiling of DNA | 16 | |
| 9068405577 | Chromatin | chromosomes are made up of this -> made of proteins, DNA, and RNA | 17 | |
| 9070735348 | Nucleolus | largest structure within the nucleous ->RNA is formed there ->proteins from the cytoplasm are synthesized into rRNA (into ribosomes) | 18 | |
| 9070765745 | Ribsomes | made of rRNA and protein ->not an organelle or membrane bound ->protein synthesis | 19 | |
| 9070785027 | Endoplasmic Reticulm | the protruding part of the nucleus ->looks like a net | 20 | |
| 9070790585 | Smooth ER | NO ribosomes on the outer surface -> creates lipids, proteins, steriods (sex hormon`es), new phospholids ->detoxifies drugs and poisons ->stores calcium |  | 21 |
| 9070793547 | Rough ER | has ribosomes on the surface ->synthesize protein insulin ->grows in place by adding membrane proteins and phospholipids | | 22 |
| 9070824218 | Glycoproteins | proteins covalently bounded to carbohydrates | 23 | |
| 9070832182 | Transport Vesicles | vesicles created from ER traveling to another part of the cell | 24 | |
| 9070867688 | Golgi Apparatus | ->recieivng, sorting, and packaging center ->marcomolecules produced there //stores materials ->transport vesicles are sent there ->folds are called "cisternae" //cis-side recieves //trans-side ships |  | 25 |
| 9070902243 | Lysosome | sac that contains hydrolytic enzymes eukaryotic cells used to digest (marcomolecules) ->made by Rough ER (transferred to Golgi) | 26 | |
| 9070917083 | Phagocytosis | lysosomes in unicellular organisms help in the aid of intercellular digestion -> engulfing smaller particles or food particles //Macrophages ; white blood cells engulf and destroy bacteria | 27 | |
| 9071017330 | Autophagy | lysosomes use their hydrolytic enzymes to recycle cells organic material ->damaged organelles or small traces of cytosol are surrounded by double membranes ->lysosomal enzymes dismantle the material and release it into the cytosol for reuse | 28 | |
| 9071040009 | Vacuoles | large vesicles from the ER and golgi ->selective in the solution it transports ->solution differs from the cytosol | 29 | |
| 9071052108 | Food Vacuoles | formed by phagocytosis | 30 | |
| 9071125013 | Contractile Vacuoles | pump excess water out of unicellular eukaryotics -> maintain an isotonic environment | 31 | |
| 9071152955 | Central Vacuole | ->found in plant cells ->holds materials and waste ->keeps plant cell structure //provides support as the plant grows |  | 32 |
| 9071235595 | Mitochondria | site of cellular respiration ->living cells ->uses oxygen to curate ATP //extracts energy from sugars, fats, and other fuel | 33 | |
| 9071278757 | Chloroplasts | found in plants and algae ->conversation of solar energy to chemical energy by using sunlight ->uses it to derive sugar from carbon monoxide and water ->divided into 3 componets //Intermembrane //Stroma //Thylakoid | 34 | |
| 9071291932 | Endosymbiont Theory | ancestor of eukaryotic cells engulfed an oxygen-using nonphotosynthetic prokaryotic cell ->engulfed cell formed a relationship with the host cell ->cell living within another cell |  | 35 |
| 9071435423 | Cristae | Inner membrane of a mitochondria ->both membranes enclosing mitochondrion is phospholipid bilayer (with embedded proteins) ->outer membrane is smooth | 36 | |
| 9071810499 | Mitochondrial Matrix | inner foldings with the mitochondrial ->contains enzymes ->mitochondrial DNA -> ribosomes | 37 | |
| 9071822501 | Thylakiods | flattened sacs within the chloroplasts ->stacked like poker chips |  | 38 |
| 9071845971 | Granum | thylakiod stacks are each | 39 | |
| 9071848343 | Stroma | fluid outside the thylakiods ->contains chloroplast DNA and ribosomes ->contains enzymes |  | 40 |
| 9071864437 | Plastids | small organelles ->chloroplasts, ->in the cytoplasm of plant cells -> stores pigment or food (starch) |  | 41 |
| 9071875602 | Peroxisomes | specialized metabolic compartment ->contain enzymes that remove hydrogen atoms and transfer them to oxygen ->produces hydrogen peroxide ->enzyme coverts hydrogen peroxide to water | 42 | |
| 9071914612 | Glyoxysomes | fat storing tissues of plant seeds ->enzymes coverts fatty acids to sugar | 43 | |
| 9071919958 | Cytoskeleton | network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm ->gives cells their shape | 44 | |
| 9071931386 | Motor Proteins | carry cargo to their destination by walking along a track within the cytoskeleton ->convert chemical energy into mechanical work by the hydrolysis of ATP | 45 | |
| 9071994971 | Microtubles | all eukaryotic cells contain hollow rods structured from a protein called tubulin -> tubulin is a dimer (molecule made up of 2 polypetides (similar)) ->grow in length by adding dimers | 46 | |
| 9072007493 | Centrosomes | microtubles grow out of them ->located near the nucleus | 47 | |
| 9072011332 | Centrioles | with the centrosomes (come in pairs) ->each has 9 triple microtubles in a ring | 48 | |
| 9072017731 | Flagella/Cilia | specialized arragments of microtubles ->propel through fluids with the help of these //ie; sperm, lining within a uterus | 49 | |
| 9072027298 | Basal Body | an organelle that forms the base of a flagellum or cilium. ->the "motor" portion of the flagellum, embedded in the cytoplasmic membrane and wall | 50 | |
| 9081412132 | Dyneins | Movement of cilia and flagella ->Motor proteins ->Attached along each outer microtubule doublet and they use ATP for energy |  | 51 |
| 9081439683 | Microfilaments | thin, solid protein fibers that make up the cytoskeleton ->present in eukaryotic cells | 52 | |
| 9081480093 | Actin | built from actin filaments ->globular protein ->contractile protein of muscle |  | 53 |
| 9081542508 | pseudopodia | cells crawling along cellular extensions ->large, rounded cytoplasmic extensions that function both in movement and feeding | 54 | |
| 9081589694 | Cytoplasmic Streaming | circular flow of cytoplasm within cells ->speeds the distribution of materials within a cell |  | 55 |
| 9081608076 | Intermediate Filaments | larger than the diameter of microfilaments ->SMALLER than microfilaments -> only found in the cells of some animals ->permenament, don't move like microtubules and microfiliaments -> give cells it's strength and shape | 56 | |
| 9081662898 | Cell Wall | Found outside the cell membrane, made mostly of cellulose ->protects, shape, prevents excessive water uptake ->found in Prokaryotes, fungi, and *SOME* unicellular eukaryotes | 57 | |
| 9081710569 | primary cell wall | a relatively thin and flexible layer in plant cells, first secreted by a young cell | 58 | |
| 9081718029 | middle lamella | a thin layer between primary walls of adjacent cells that glues them together with pectin ->pectic is a thickening agent | 59 | |
| 9081732225 | secondary cell wall | cell matures and stops growing to strengthen its wall ->others add plasma membrane and primary wall resulting in a ->wood is completely made up of this | 60 | |
| 9081780851 | Extracellular Matrix | holds cell membranes together, protects and supports the plasma membrane ->made of glycoproteins, carbohydrate-> secreted by cells | 61 | |
| 9081847917 | glycoprotein | A protein with one or more carbohydrates covalently attached to it | 62 | |
| 9081809009 | Collagen | strong fibers outside cells ->a protein -> main structural protein found in animal connective tissue, yielding gelatin when boiled. | 63 | |
| 9081822350 | Proteoglycans | Consists of small proteins and many carbohydrate chains ->Only found in animal cells. |  | 64 |
| 9081838395 | Fibronectin | glycoprotein that helps animal cells attach to the extracellular matrix | 65 | |
| 9081857513 | Integrins | Receptor proteins in the plasma membrane -> translate signals between the ECM and the cytoskeleton ->integrate changes outside and inside the cell |  | 66 |
| 9081888561 | Tight Junction | Membranes of neighboring cells are pressed together, preventing leakage of extracellular fluid | 67 | |
| 9081891388 | Desosomes | prevent adjacent cells from separating during contractions |  | 68 |
| 9081895216 | Gap Junctions | communicating junctions ->provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells | 69 |
