toxicology final exam questions
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| 1557368702 | Lethal Dose 50 (LD50) | dose that kills 50% of the animals in a group | 1 | |
| 1557368703 | Toxic Dose Low (TDL) | lowest dose which produces toxic alterations and administering twice this dose will not cause death | 2 | |
| 1557368704 | Toxic Dose High (TDH) | dose which produces toxic alterations and administering twice this dose will result in death | 3 | |
| 1557368705 | Maximum Tolerated Dose (MTD) | similar to highest non toxic dose highest or largest dose which does not result in undesirable or toxic alterations (clinical, hematologic, biochemical, or pathologic alterations) | 4 | |
| 1557368706 | toxicity | amount of poision that under specific set of conditions will result in detrimental biologic changes | 5 | |
| 1557368707 | toxicant | defined as any stubstance when applied or introduced into the body may interfere with life processes or biological functions of the cells of the animal | 6 | |
| 1557368708 | toxin | poison from a biologic process such as zootoxins, phytotoxins etc | 7 | |
| 1557368709 | toxicosis | disease caused by exposure to a poison | 8 | |
| 1557368710 | hazard | danger from the possibility of exposure | 9 | |
| 1557368711 | extremely toxic | 1 mg/kg or less | 10 | |
| 1557368712 | highly toxic | 1-50 mg/ kg | 11 | |
| 1557368713 | moderately toxic | 50-500 mg/ kg | 12 | |
| 1557368714 | slightly toxic | 0.5 -5 g/ kg | 13 | |
| 1557368715 | practically non-toxic | 5-15 g/ kg | 14 | |
| 1557368716 | relatively harmless | >15 g/ kg | 15 | |
| 1557368717 | Most toxic agent likely to produce degeneration of peripheral neurons | arsanillic acid | 16 | |
| 1557368718 | deferoxamine is the chelating agent of choice for | iron | 17 | |
| 1557368719 | most common non-protein nitrogen toxicant | urea | 18 | |
| 1557368720 | Chronic Copper Toxicosis | enlarged yellow liver, enlarged friable and hemorrhagic kidneys, enlarged black spleen, and red wine-colored urine are lesions | 19 | |
| 1557368721 | hemolytic agents | zinc, naphthalene, DMSO, guaifenesin | 20 | |
| 1557368722 | What is a diagnostic test for molybdeum toxicity | reduced cytochrome oxidase in cattle | 21 | |
| 1557368723 | Molybedenum signs | chronic diarrhea, depigmentation, emaciation, lameness in cattle | 22 | |
| 1557368724 | what is a differential diagnosis for subacute selenium toxicosis in pigs | arsanilic acid toxicosis | 23 | |
| 1557368725 | what states do you see seleniferous plant toxicity | South Dakota North Dakota Wyoming Montana | 24 | |
| 1557368726 | What states do you not see seleniferous plant ingestion poisoning | Florida New York | 25 | |
| 1557368727 | Tx and prevention of chronic selenium toxicosis | adding copper, organic arsenicals, and sulfur-containing proteins to the diet | 26 | |
| 1557368728 | mechanism of action of trivalent arsenic | inhibition of lipoic acid resulting in the inhibition of citric acid cycle | 27 | |
| 1557368729 | mechanism of action of lead | inhibition of the activity of several enzymes in heme synthesis | 28 | |
| 1557368730 | clinical signs of chronic copper toxicosis in sheep | jaundice, hemoglobinuria, methemoglobinemia, hemolysis | 29 | |
| 1557368731 | what toxicosis is found with an odor of rotten garlic in a fresh carcass | selenium | 30 | |
| 1557368732 | What are signs of iron poisoning | GI signs followed by a phase of apparent recovery, which deteriorates into multiorgan failure | 31 | |
| 1557368733 | metal toxicosis that can lead to gastroenteritis | lead, zinc, inorganic arsenic, iron | 32 | |
| 1557368734 | what metal toxicosis is the least likely to gastroenteritis signs | organic arsenic feed additves | 33 | |
| 1557368735 | signs of chronic selenium toxicosis | lameness, hoof abnormalities, emaciation, loss of hair in cattle | 34 | |
| 1557368736 | what is the antidotal tx for nitrate toxicity | methylene blue IV | 35 | |
| 1557368737 | methylene blue is used to treat what | nitrate toxicity | 36 | |
| 1557368738 | Clinical signs for soluble oxalate in sheep | colic, muscles twitching, rapid breathing, blood tinged froth around the mouth, similar to milk fever in cows | 37 | |
| 1557368739 | what disease in sheep is similar to milk fever in cows | soluble oxalate poisoning in sheep | 38 | |
| 1557368740 | toxicant that causes elevated thiocyanate levels in urine | cyanide | 39 | |
| 1557368741 | what accumulates in livestock when plants are sprayed with 2,4-D herbicides | toxic levels of nitrate | 40 | |
| 1557368742 | what happens when plants are sprayed with 2,4-D herbicides for livestock | accumulation of toxic levels of nitrate | 41 | |
| 1557368743 | signs of kerosine ingestion | severe aspiration pneumonia | 42 | |
| 1557368744 | signs of chronic fluoride poisoning in cattle | lameness, exostoses, and excessive dental wear | 43 | |
| 1557368745 | Dx of choice for chronic fluoride poisoning in live animal | urine | 44 | |
| 1557368746 | halogeton (halogeton glomeratus) causes what poisoning | soluble oxalate poisioning | 45 | |
| 1557368747 | soluble oxalate poisoning is often seen with what plant | Halogeton (Halogeton glomeratus) | 46 | |
| 1557368748 | what plant that is grown in the west is an indicator for selenium | princess plume (Stanlyea sp) | 47 | |
| 1557368749 | what is princess plume an indicator for | selenium | 48 | |
| 1557368750 | clinical signs of chocolate toxicity | convulsions, tremors, tachycardia, and urination | 49 | |
| 1557368751 | what plant is known to cause signs of vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency in monogastric animals | horsetail (Equisetum hymenale) | 50 | |
| 1557368752 | What toxicity is often seen with horsetail (Equisetum hymenale) | Vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency | 51 | |
| 1557368753 | signs of ragwort (Scenecio spp) | sudden hepatic insufficiency signs that include weight loss, icterus, incoordination, head pressing, aimless wandering, walking in circles and other signs of mania, GI distress, tenesmus | 52 | |
| 1557368754 | what general signs are caused by Ragwort (Scenecio spp) | sudden hepatic insufficiency | 53 | |
| 1557368755 | sudden hepatic insufficiency is seen with the ingestion of | Ragwort (Senecio spp) | 54 | |
| 1557368756 | Mechanism of action of Larkspur (Delphinium spp) | block nicotinic receptors at the neuromuscular junction | 55 | |
| 1557368757 | what plant blocks nicotinic receptors at the neuromuscular junction | Larkspur (Delphinium spp) | 56 | |
| 1557368758 | What plant works similarly to vitamin D? | Day-blooming jessamine (Cestrum diurnum) | 57 | |
| 1557368759 | Toxic principle in Day-blooming jessamine (Cestrum diurnum) | Vitamin D analog | 58 | |
| 1557368760 | What reddish-brown gas that produces bronchial constriction and pulmonary edema | nitrogen dioxide (NO2) | 59 | |
| 1557368761 | What can Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) produce | bronchial constriction and pulmonary edema | 60 | |
| 1557368762 | what two toxicants produce sudden death mainly due to preventing tissue oxygenation utilization | cyanide and hydrogen sulfide | 61 | |
| 1557368763 | how do cyanide and hydrogen sulfide produce sudden death | mainly due to preventing tissue oxygenation utilization | 62 | |
| 1557368764 | treatment of hydrogen sulfide and cyanide toxicities | sodium nitrite IV is useful | 63 | |
| 1557368765 | what specimen do you choose to use for testing nitrate poisoning in an animal that has been dead for several hours | ocular fluid | 64 | |
| 1557368766 | what is least effective in the treatment of poisoning by cyanogenic plants | activated charcoal orally | 65 | |
| 1557368767 | what can you use for treating cyanogenic plants poisoning | sodium nitrite IV, sodium thiosulfate IV, vinegar in cold water orally, mineral oil orally | 66 | |
| 1557368768 | what part of the plant accumulates the highest amount of nitrate | stalk | 67 | |
| 1557368769 | what toxicant causes very rapid death, has a characteristic odor, and causes bright red mucous membranes and has cherry red blood | cyanide | 68 | |
| 1557368770 | what effects does cyanide cause | very rapid death, characteristic odor and causes bright red mucous membranes and cherry red blood | 69 | |
| 1557368771 | which toxicant with chronic poisoning is most likely to cause abortion in cattle due to decrease in progesterone production? | nitrate | 70 | |
| 1557368772 | what is nitrate known to cause in cattle | abortion in cattle due to decrease in progesterone production | 71 | |
| 1557368773 | what are late clinical signs of ethylene glycol poisoning are primarily related to | acute renal failure | 72 | |
| 1557368774 | acute renal failure usually occurs how long after ingestion of ethylene glycol | 24-72 hours after ingestion | 73 | |
| 1557368775 | what serum paramaters do you most commonly see elevated in urea toxicosis | ammonia, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), glucose, transaminases (ALT, AST) | 74 | |
| 1557368776 | what serum parameters is least likely to be seen elevated in urea toxicosis | pH | 75 | |
| 1557368777 | What effects does atropine antagonize when treating organophospate toxicosis | miosis, excessive salivation, bradycardia, GI hypermotility | 76 | |
| 1557368778 | what are the first clinical signs in organophospate poisoning maily due to | muscarinic stimulation | 77 | |
| 1557368779 | if the type of anticoagulant rodenticide is unknown, duration of vitamin k1 treatment should be | 3-4 weeks | 78 | |
| 1557368780 | properties of fomepizole (4-methyl pyrazole) | competitive inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase, inhibits formation of toxic metabolites, most effective within 3 hours of ethylene glycol ingestion | 79 | |
| 1557368781 | What toxicosis in swine mimics vitamin B deficiency | organic arsenic | 80 | |
| 1557368782 | Organic arsenic in swine resemlbes? | vitamin B complex deficiency | 81 | |
| 1557368783 | drug of choice for treatment of acute anaphylactic shock due to iron toxicosis in piglets | epinephrine | 82 | |
| 1557368784 | neuronal degeneration of the spinal cord and brain cause signs of what | chronic cyanide poisoning in horses | 83 | |
| 1557368785 | what is the main cause of the signs of chronic cyanide posioning in horses | neuronal degeneration of the spinal cord and brain | 84 | |
| 1557368786 | what plant commonly causes cyanide posioning | princess plume (stanlyea spp) | 85 | |
| 1557368787 | what does Princess plume (stanylea) cause | cyanide poisoning | 86 | |
| 1557368788 | what is the toxic principle in caladium spp | insoluble calcium oxalate | 87 | |
| 1557368789 | what common household plant contains insoluble calcium oxalate | Caladium spp | 88 | |
| 1557368790 | What metal is most likely to cross the BBB | lead | 89 | |
| 1557368791 | What is the chelating agent of choice for coper | D-penicillamine | 90 | |
| 1557368792 | D-penicillamine is used as the chelating agent of | copper | 91 | |
| 1557368793 | What toxicants might cause convulsive seizures in cattle | lead, urea, chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides, nicotine | 92 | |
| 1557368794 | what poison is least likely to cause convulsive seizures in cattle | chronic selenium | 93 | |
| 1557368795 | What is the main sign seen in chronic selenium toxicity in horses | hoof abnormalities and loss of hair | 94 | |
| 1557368796 | lameness, hoof abnormalities, emaciation, and loss of hair in cattle most likely suggests what toxicosis | chronic selenium | 95 | |
| 1557368797 | carbamate and organophosphate pesticides have what in common | sources of poisoning are generally similary both are lipid soluble and can penetrate intact skin both are quikly eliminated both have clinical signs due to excess acetylcholine | 96 | |
| 1557368798 | what do carbamate and organophosphate pesticides not have in common | they can not both be activated by storage | 97 | |
| 1557368799 | Decreased blood coagulability after exposure to anticoagulant rodenticides is mainly due to | decreased prothrombin and coagulation factors VII, IX, and X | 98 | |
| 1557368800 | what toxicant is most likely to cause calcification of soft tissue | cholecalciferol | 99 | |
| 1557368801 | what does cholecalciferol due | calcification of soft tissue | 100 | |
| 1557368802 | what are common signs of urea toxicosis | nausea and salivation muscle tremors and convulsive seizures urination | 101 | |
| 1557368803 | what factors increase urea toxicity | fasting alkaline rumen pH dehydration hepatic insufficiency | 102 | |
| 1557368804 | What is the most sensitive species to ethylene glycol poisoning | cats | 103 | |
| 1557368805 | what are some clinicopathologic changes in ethylene glycol poisoing | hypercreatinemia hyperphosphatemia hyperkalemia high BUN | 104 | |
| 1557368806 | what is the recommended chelating agent for lead toxicosis in pet birds | dimercaptosuccinic acid (succimer) | 105 | |
| 1557368807 | dimercaptocussinic acid (succimer) is the chelating agent for what toxicosis | lead toxicosis in pet birds | 106 | |
| 1557368808 | what decreases GI absorption of lead | zinc, protein, calcium | 107 | |
| 1557368809 | what sample do you submit to confirm toxicity of lead | whole blood | 108 | |
| 1557368810 | what is the most common cause of lead toxicosis in small animals | lead based paint | 109 | |
| 1557368811 | What are some of the sources of lead toxicosis in cattle | storage batteries contaminated pastures paint | 110 | |
| 1557368812 | what are components of treating organophosphate poisoning in dogs | atropine activated charcoal diphenhdramine diazepam | 111 | |
| 1557368813 | what causes the first signs of organophosphate poisoning | muscarinic stimulation | 112 | |
| 1557368814 | how does 2PAM antagonize the toxic effects of organophosphates | reactivation of acetylcholiesterase | 113 | |
| 1557368815 | what is the route of choice for Vitamin K administration | PO | 114 | |
| 1557368816 | what is the mechanism of action of anticoagulant rodenticides | inhibit activation of precursor proteins of clotting factors II, VII, IX, X | 115 | |
| 1557368817 | what drugs may increase warfarin toxicity | aspirin sulfonamides steroids thyroxine | 116 | |
| 1557368818 | what is the decreasing order of animals sensitive to anticoagulant rodenticide toxicity | pigs, dogs, cats, ruminants, horses, chicken | 117 | |
| 1557368819 | what sample should you take to confirm diagnosis of cholecalciferol toxicosis | serum | 118 | |
| 1557368820 | what are some clinicopathological changes you are likely to see in cholecalciferol toxicosis | hyper calcemia hypokalemia elevated creatinine elevated BUN | 119 | |
| 1557368821 | what is activated charcoal least likly to be effective in absorbing | cyanide | 120 | |
| 1557368822 | what insecticide is more toxic to adult cattle than young calves | parathion | 121 | |
| 1557368823 | what sample would you submit to confirm diagnosis of organophosphate in a live cow | whole blood | 122 | |
| 1557368824 | what is a good immediate reversal of the anticoagulant effect of warfarin rodenticides | infusion of whole fresh blood | 123 | |
| 1557368825 | what are you likely to see with Vitamin D3 rodenticide toxicity | hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia | 124 | |
| 1557368826 | acidosis, hyperkalemia, hyperglycemia and elevated BUN suggest what in ruminants | urea toxicosis | 125 | |
| 1557368827 | what are you likely to see in urea toxicosis of ruminants | acidosis, hyperkalemia, hyperglycemia, elevated BUN | 126 | |
| 1557368828 | what is grain overload likely to do to rumen pH | decrease it | 127 | |
| 1557368829 | what will likely elevate rumen pH | fasting protein overload such as soybean urea toxicosis | 128 | |
| 1557368830 | what diseases are caused by selenium deficiency | white muscle disease in lambs hepatosis dietetica in young pigs exudative diathesis in chicks nutritional pancreatic atrophy in chickens | 129 | |
| 1557368831 | mucous membranes have brownish discolaration what posion is likely | nitrate- brown color of blood- methemoglobin | 130 | |
| 1557368832 | what species is most likely to get poisoning due to plants containing soluble oxalates | ruminants | 131 | |
| 1557368833 | how is methemoglobin formed | nitrite reduces hemoglobin to the ferrous state | 132 | |
| 1557368834 | how does CO cause asphyxia | combining with hemoglobin preventing it from carrying oxygen | 133 | |
| 1557368835 | what are some facts about petroleum poisoning | chlorinated naphathalenes as contaminates may cause bovine hyperkeratosis clinical signs are generally typical of aspiration pneumonia breath and feces may smell oil or kerosine | 134 | |
| 1557368836 | what species is least likely to be poisoned by chronic fluoride toxicosis | dogs | 135 | |
| 1557368837 | what is the main sign from chronic exposure to benzene | hypotension | 136 | |
| 1557368838 | toxic principle in monkshood (aconitum) | cardiotoxic alkaloid | 137 | |
| 1557368839 | Chronic ingestion of what plant causes signs of thiamine deficiency | bracken fern (pteridium aquilinum) | 138 | |
| 1557368840 | What are some signs of thiamine deficiency | loss of condition, incoordination, horse declined to move, knuckling of the fetlocks when walking, muscle twitches and convulsions | 139 | |
| 1557368841 | what signs does chronic ingestion of bracken fern cause (pteridium aquilinum) | thiamine deficiency. Loss of condition, incoordination, horse declined to move, knuckling of the fetlocks when walking, muscle twitches and convulsions | 140 | |
| 1557368842 | What is the primary effect of pyrrolizidine alkaloids | hepatic damage | 141 | |
| 1557368843 | what is a specific antidote for jimsonweed (datrua stramonium) poisoning | physostigmine | 142 | |
| 1557368844 | What do you treat cardiac arrhythmias caused by chocolate poisoning with | propranolol | 143 | |
| 1557368845 | What signs are locoweed (Astragulus spp) associated with | neurotoxicity and causes neuronal vaculation | 144 | |
| 1557368846 | what signs are caused by ingestion of large amounts of rhubarb (rheum rhaponticum) associated with | kidney damage | 145 | |
| 1557368847 | Jimsonweed (Datura spp) is associated with what signs? | diarrhea, dry mouth, and mucous membranes, dilated pupils, and convulsions or coma | 146 | |
| 1557368848 | What selenium indicator plant which grows widely in western part of the US | princess plume (Stanlleya spp) | 147 | |
| 1557368849 | Pyrrolizidine alkaloids from rattlebox (Crotolaria spp) are MOST likely to precipitate toxicosis with | copper | 148 | |
| 1557368850 | Poisoning by ergot (Claviceps purpurea) in cattle shows clinical signs generally similar to chronic toxicosis with | pentachlorophenol (PCP) | 149 | |
| 1557368851 | What poisonous plants may cause clinical signs due to similar mechanism of warfarin poisoning? | spoiled sweet clover (Melilotus spp) | 150 | |
| 1557368852 | What is the most common cause of acute death in cholinesterase inhibitor toxicity | respiratory failure | 151 | |
| 1557368853 | Which NPN source is most toxic | urea | 152 | |
| 1557368854 | what metal toxicoses causes inhibition of the activity of several enzymes in heme synthesis | lead | 153 | |
| 1557368855 | How does phenoxy acetic acid herbicides increase toxicity of plants | by improving plant palatability and increasing toxin content | 154 | |
| 1557368856 | What do excessive amounts of molybdenum cause in cattle | copper deficiency signs | 155 | |
| 1557368857 | what toxicant causes Heinz body anemia in cats | propylene glycol | 156 | |
| 1557368858 | what are some longterm effects of monensin in cattle | death due to lesions in the myocardium | 157 | |
| 1557368859 | what is contraindicated in snake envenomation | glucocorticoids | 158 | |
| 1557368860 | what dish detergent compound is most toxic | automatic dishwashing soap | 159 | |
| 1557368861 | what causes inhibition of key enzymes in HEME synthesis | Lead | 160 | |
| 1557368862 | What occurs with acute toxicosis of Dipyridyl herbicides | signs of vomiting, anorexia, and depression are present high doses may cause ataxia, dyspnea, seizures production of free radicals that damage tissue | 161 | |
| 1557368863 | When do late clinical signs of acute toxicosis of ethylene glycol poisoning occur with renal failure | 24-72 hours | 162 | |
| 1557368864 | what are some pathological signs for NPN toxicosis in ruminants | bloat and elevated BUN | 163 | |
| 1557368865 | what is the most likely cause of abdominal pain that has intravascular hemolysis, anemia with hemoglobinuria and NO CNS signs | zinc | 164 | |
| 1557368866 | what are the blood serum results in NPN toxicosis | alkaline rumen, acidosis, elevated BUN, elevated ammonia | 165 | |
| 1557368867 | what is the chelation treatment of choice in pet birds | dimercaptosuccinic acid | 166 | |
| 1557368868 | what toxicant uses lipolic acid to inhibit the TCA cycle | trivalent arsenic | 167 | |
| 1557368869 | what toxicant shows signs of CNS stimulation and GI irritation in a dog and heart failure in a horse | fluoroacetate | 168 | |
| 1557368870 | which animal is most sensitive to ethylene glycol poisoning | cat | 169 | |
| 1557368871 | what are signs of toad toxicosis | hypersalivation (foaming), vomiting, brick red mucous membrane, brady/ tachycardia | 170 | |
| 1557368872 | what is gastic lavage contraindicated in | phenols | 171 | |
| 1557368873 | what effect is caused by acute ingestion of xylitol in the dog | hypoglycemia | 172 | |
| 1557368874 | what are capillary endothelial cells most sensitive to | trivalent toxins | 173 | |
| 1557368875 | what is a pathoneumonic effect of Na/ water deprivation in swine | eosinophilic meningioencephalitis | 174 | |
| 1557368876 | what is a clinical sign of Na/ water deprivation | eosinophilic perivascular cuffing | 175 | |
| 1557368877 | what reaction can iron cause with histamine release | acute anaphylactic reaction | 176 | |
| 1557368878 | What liver enzyme increases with muscle necrosis | ALT | 177 | |
| 1557368879 | what clinicopathologic parameters are likely to be elevated in a horse poisoned with monensin | lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), creatinine phosphokinase (CPK), PCV | 178 | |
| 1557368880 | what can be related to monensin toxicosis but not appear until 3 weeks after a feedlot steer has survived from on overdose of monensin in the feed | cardiac fibrosis and insufficiency as a result of cardiac muscle necrosis during acute monensin toxicosis | 179 | |
| 1557368881 | what toxin is most likely to cause degeneration and pale areas in the myocardium and skeletal muscles, as well as damage in the liver and kidney in most species | monensin | 180 | |
| 1557368882 | what are the clinical signs associated with water deprivation/ sodium ion toxicosis in swine are mainly caused by | cerebral edema and overhydration of nerve cells | 181 | |
| 1557368883 | what are some toxicants that can cause systemic acidosis | metaldehyde, zinc phosphide, pentachlorophenol | 182 | |
| 1557368884 | what are common clinicopathologic changes in ethylene glycol poisoning | hypercratinemia, hyperphosphatemia, hyperkalemia, high BUN | 183 | |
| 1557368885 | what is 20% ferric chloride added to a urine sample used to detect | phenol | 184 | |
| 1557368886 | what decreases the GI absorption of lead | zinc, protein, calcium | 185 | |
| 1557368887 | what sample do you submit to a laboratory to help confirm toxicosis in a puppy | whole blood | 186 | |
| 1557368888 | what is the most common source of lead toxicosis in small animals | lead-base paints | 187 |
